<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167</id><updated>2012-01-31T18:25:39.176Z</updated><category term='monogamia'/><category term='Cardeal C. M. Martini'/><category term='Baptismo'/><category term='utilitarismo'/><category term='Sé Apostólica'/><category term='Deal Hudson'/><category term='China'/><category term='M. 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Marcel Lefebvre'/><category term='Robert P. George'/><category term='Infanticídio'/><category term='Zenit'/><category term='Liberdade. Política'/><category term='Bispos'/><category term='selecção sexual'/><category term='Josef Seifert'/><category term='Episcopado USA'/><category term='filhos'/><category term='Sartre'/><category term='Raymond J. de Souza'/><category term='LifeSiteNews'/><category term='Gardasil'/><category term='Desenvolvimento'/><category term='Nação'/><category term='relativismo'/><category term='Edmund Burke'/><category term='Psiquiatria'/><category term='mortalidade materna'/><category term='Catolicismo'/><category term='Oração'/><category term='Sean Murphy'/><category term='Infalibilidade'/><category term='Cardeal T. Bertone'/><category term='Ecumenismo'/><category term='o Portocarrero de Almada'/><category term='eugenismo'/><category term='poligamia'/><category term='Jeff Mirus'/><category term='diálogo'/><category term='UK'/><category term='P. 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Guedes'/><category term='Eugenia'/><category term='Informática'/><category term='namoro'/><category term='UNICEF'/><category term='Cura'/><category term='Cinema'/><category term='Pablo López López'/><category term='Demografia'/><category term='sexualidade'/><category term='S. Boaventura'/><category term='Monsignor Charles J. Scicluna'/><category term='Abuso de menores'/><category term='Racismo'/><category term='educação'/><category term='Consagração'/><category term='Calvino'/><category term='Jennifer Roback Morse'/><category term='identidade de género'/><category term='Peter Hitchens'/><category term='violência'/><category term='D. José Policarpo'/><category term='Gerard J.M. Van de Aardweg'/><category term='Saúde'/><category term='Franz Liszt'/><category term='Nominalismo'/><category term='sacerdotes.'/><category term='Chuck Colson'/><category term='Judith A. Reisman'/><category term='Haiti'/><category term='SPUC'/><category term='Intolerância'/><category term='Aquecimento global'/><category term='A. Vivaldi'/><category term='J. Budziszewski'/><category term='Revolução'/><category term='Polónia'/><category term='NASA'/><category term='trabalho'/><category term='Peter Kreeft'/><category term='Liberdade'/><title type='text'>Logos</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default?start-index=101&amp;max-results=100'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>1303</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-4974721207411509256</id><published>2012-01-31T18:22:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-31T18:25:39.184Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Casamento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aborto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='João César das Neves'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Família'/><title type='text'>O teste definitivo - por João César das Neves</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.dn.pt/inicio/opiniao/interior.aspx?content_id=2271650&amp;amp;seccao=Jo%E3o%20C%E9sar%20das%20Neves&amp;amp;tag=Opini%E3o%20-%20Em%20Foco&amp;amp;page=1"&gt;DN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Os temas da família são os que mais dividem o nosso tempo. Numa época que aceita pacificamente a liberdade, mercado e democracia, antes tão controversos, é nas questões do casamento, nascimento e morte que se travam os combates culturais. Mas aí existe um teste decisivo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Portugal anda há muito a reboque das posições extremistas do Bloco de Esquerda. Em poucos anos a legislação saltou de uma atitude equilibrada no quadro mundial para soluções radicais na ponta do espectro. Até há meses a explicação podia ser a vacuidade de valores e oportunismo táctico do Governo Sócrates, cuja irresponsabilidade aliás foi geral. Mas esta explicação conveniente e simplista deve ser abandonada. Vigora um governo diferente e a situação, não só não melhorou, mas agravou-se.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O edifício legal antifamília, abusivamente construído pela maioria socialista, mantém-se intocado sem perspectivas de revisão. Pior, permanece toda a prática administrativa e financeira que aproveita esses diplomas para ir subsidiando o aborto, minando o casamento, prejudicando as famílias numerosas, anulando a liberdade educativa. Sobretudo, foi dada continuidade à cavalgada infame, abrindo-se agora a porta a filhos de mães múltiplas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perante tal realidade muitos alarmam-se ou desesperam, mas sem justificação. Vivemos uma vaga cultural, como tantas que as gerações anteriores enfrentaram. Hoje é a defesa da família, há cinquenta anos a empresa livre, há cem o voto das mulheres, há duzentos a extinção da escravatura. Em todos os casos havia uma linha ideológica que parecia dominante, imparável, avassaladora, mas que o tempo se encarregou de esgotar. No embate, o choque surge insuportável e definitivo, e muitos cedem, desviam-se, fogem. Depois, como nas violentas ondas do mar, tudo se esfuma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um exemplo nosso serve bem de ilustração. A 11 de Abril de 1975 CDS e PPD assinaram, junto com PCP, FSP, PS e MDP/CDE, o "Pacto MFA--Partidos", que preconizava a "continuação da revolução política, económica e social iniciada em 25 de Abril de 1974, dentro do pluralismo político e da via socializante". Hoje, quando sociedade sem classes e a ditadura do proletariado são personagens de pantomima, parece grotesco que partidos responsáveis tenham caído aí. Mas quem viveu esses tempos dramáticos entende-o bem. Daqui a 37 anos os mesmos partidos envergonhar-se-ão das actuais cedências no campo familiar, tanto quanto hoje se sentem embaraçados pelos compromissos do Verão quente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como lidar com uma vaga cultural? Esbracejar face à onda é tolice e fugir cobardia. Devem evitar-se a atitude apática e facilitista, que escamoteia a gravidade do tema em nome da paz podre, e o fanatismo intolerante, que transforma essa gravidade em agressão. Nestas discussões vitais existem três exigências básicas. Primeiro ter ideias claras e opiniões firmes, ao nível da importância do assunto, com argumentos sólidos e elaborados para as suportar. Depois respeitar sempre os opositores, por mais chocantes que sejam as suas posições, procurando um diálogo sereno e profundo. Acima de tudo, deve reinar a certeza que no fim a verdade triunfará. Lutamos, não pelo futuro que só pode ser melhor, mas pelas vítimas pontuais de um mal sem hipóteses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O Pacto MFA-Partidos não teve consequências por ser parte da vaga marxista que já se aproximava do fim, após rugir há cem anos. Mas os ataques à família ainda crescem imparáveis para o auge. Será a tibieza do actual Governo mais parecida com os Acordos de Munique de 29 de Setembro de 1938, em que tímido Neville Chamberlain cedeu à violência triunfante de Hitler, precipitando como cúmplice a futura catástrofe?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A onda lasciva está mais perto do fim do que parece. Já chegou à velhice a geração do amor livre, Woodstock e Maio de 68. E será a velhice mais longa e solitária de sempre. Com uma pesada herança de famílias desfeitas, filhos e netos alheios ou não nascidos, promiscuidade, traição, luxúria, enfrenta agora o teste definitivo. As gerações seguintes aprenderão depressa esta triste lição.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-4974721207411509256?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/4974721207411509256'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/4974721207411509256'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/o-teste-definitivo-por-joao-cesar-das.html' title='O teste definitivo - por João César das Neves'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-5987180659348383510</id><published>2012-01-30T22:03:00.004Z</published><updated>2012-01-31T18:21:53.044Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='embrião'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Igreja'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='maçonaria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nuno Serras Pereira'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Casamento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aborto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='divórcio'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='reprodução artificial'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Família'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Contracepção'/><title type='text'>Branqueamentos Maçónicos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div  style="text-align: justify; font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;O chamado episódio das “secretas" que há dado brado na comunicação social que nos domina, salientando minudências em relação à seriedade do que está em questão, tem constituído um branqueamento e consequente publicitação da maçonaria. O que há de grave neste aglomerado de associações ocultas é constituído pela sua natureza e identidade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A maçonaria, todas elas sem excepção, contrariamente ao que aparenta tem uma visão do mundo da qual resulta necessariamente um propósito de extinguir a Fé verdadeira e consequentemente de exterminar a Igreja Católica. Não é por acaso que esta, até hoje, tenha emitido quinhentas e noventa e oito (598) condenações desta agregação pestífera, para usar uma expressão do Papa Leão XIII.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta agregação perversa e maligna de “pedreiros livre” enverga, com uma hipocrisia sem limites, uma aparência toda ela benigna e cheia de valores não só para o grande público mas ainda para a grande maioria dos seus membros noviços nos primeiros graus da iniciação. Depois, por um ritual confuso e obscuro, os vai desenraizando da verdadeira Fé, penetrando-os e empapando-os de uma gnose sincretista, essencialmente relativista e naturalista, como muito bem o afirma F. Giantulli S.J.,  no seu famoso estudo sobre a maçonaria italiana. Esta índole imanentista e ateia sob o manto de religiosidade, de fraternidade universal e de liberdade é, contrariamente ao que proclama, o veneno que as destrói.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta mentalidade militantemente secularista que subjaz aos Zapateros e aos Obamas, que procura dominar a Europa e os Estados Unidos, está profundamente infiltrada na comunicação social, na justiça, na política, na economia e mesmo em sectores da Igreja, em Portugal. Daí, que não seja de espantar o conúbio danado entre a anterior maioria parlamentar-para-lamentar e a actual no que diz respeito “às famílias”, à reprodução artificial, ao aborto, à experimentação letal em pessoas no seu estádio embrionário, à colagem, às panças arrendadas, à contracepção, ao infame “casamento-mesmo-sexo”, ao divórcio-expresso-e-sem-culpa, à perversão-sexual-obrigatória-nas-escolas, ao fomento da desnatalidade, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Roube-se a pensão aos velhos, deixem-nos morrer sozinhos em casa, eutanazinem-nos nos hospitais, despejam-nos em antecâmaras de morte. A destruição maciça da família e da vida concebida não pode senão conduzir a um inferno antecipado na Terra.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Andam os Prelados diligentes e solícitos - (com um ministro, daquele partido, cds, para quem “o aborto (isto é, a sua abolição) não é uma prioridade”, ipsis verbis) - com os pobres e os idosos esquecendo, porém, que com o seu desleixo pela demografia são co-responsáveis maiores da gravíssima situação a que chegámos. É uma grande Caridade cuidar dos pobres e dos velhinhos desamparados, mas era muito maior Caridade, e de Justiça também, ter feito o que se devia para evitar que chegasse ao estado em que nos encontramos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Nuno Serras Pereira&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;30. 01. 2012&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-5987180659348383510?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5987180659348383510'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5987180659348383510'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/branqueamentos-maconicos.html' title='Branqueamentos Maçónicos'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-6748899472679148069</id><published>2012-01-30T19:13:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-30T19:14:59.123Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Igreja'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Vida Consagrada'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Juan Manuel de Prada'/><title type='text'>Vida consagrada - por Juan Manuel de Prada</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.religionenlibertad.com/articulo.asp?idarticulo=20393"&gt;Religión en Libertad&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt;El próximo 2 de febrero se celebra la  Jornada Mundial de la Vida Consagrada, que a los católicos debe  servirnos para renovar la gratitud a tantas admirables personas que, en  su deseo de imitar más perfectamente a Cristo poniendo en práctica los  consejos evangélicos de pobreza, castidad y obediencia, santifican sus  vidas, a la vez que enriquecen con una pluralidad de carismas —oración,  penitencia, servicio a los hermanos, trabajo apostólico— la vida de la  Iglesia. Quienes, como yo, hemos tenido la ocasión de conocer de cerca  la labor de los consagrados tenemos, desde luego, muchas razones para la  gratitud; tantas que necesitaríamos varias vidas para expresarlas. Pero  esta gratitud no nos exime de señalar lo que consideramos fallas en la  vida consagrada; la principal de las cuales es la secularización o  asimilación al mundo, «cuyas posiciones se adoptan porque se desespera  de conquistarlo desde posiciones propias».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Un religioso marianista, José María Salaverri, me reprocha, en carta  dirigida al director de este periódico, un artículo mío en el que muy  someramente me refería a los estragos que esta secularización ha causado  en la vida consagrada. Algo, en efecto, ha debido de ocurrir en el seno  de la vida consagrada para que, por ejemplo, los padres marianistas  que, allá por 1959 alcanzaban la cifra de 3.110, fuesen en 2010 apenas  1.320, con una media de edad mucho más elevada; un descenso del 57,5 por  ciento en apenas medio siglo creo que es una expresión innegable de  crisis, que por supuesto tiene razones muy diversas y complejas  (empezando por las demográficas) que afectan también —aunque no en igual  medida— a otras realidades de la Iglesia. Sabemos bien que cantidad no  es sinónimo de calidad, pero tampoco podemos olvidar que la experiencia  de un ideal —sobre todo de un ideal comunitario— sólo puede adquirir  perfección si son muchos los individuos que se comprometen con él.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt; En su carta amonestadora, el padre Salaverri me recuerda un hermoso  pasaje de Santa Teresa de Jesús, a la que ambos sin duda veneramos.  Precisamente la Santa de Ávila puede servirnos para identificar el virus  que se ha infiltrado en la vida religiosa. A Santa Teresa la movía el  deseo de una vida más espiritual, orante y austera (es decir, un deseo  ascendente y desmundanizante), que fue el motor que impulsó  tradicionalmente todas las reformas de la vida religiosa: de las  carmelitas salieron las carmelitas descalzas; de los cluniacenses  salieron los cistercienses y más tarde los trapenses; de los hermanos  menores franciscanos salieron los observantes y los capuchinos,  etcétera. Si analizamos la historia de la vida consagrada, comprobaremos  que todas las reformas que durante siglos se produjeron en su seno  siguieron una tendencia común de lo menos difícil a lo más difícil. Esta  tendencia se quebraría en el último medio siglo, en la que las reformas  han tenido una tendencia descendente de dulcificación de la disciplina,  relajación en la observancia de los votos y progresiva mundanización,  palpable en aspectos aparentemente accidentales, como el abandono del  hábito, signo de la libertad de la Iglesia, ajena a modas y costumbres,  en medio del mundo; pero los cambios accidentales acaban inevitablemente  transformando la esencia, acaban erosionando ese fondo de «verdad  permanente e invencible estabilidad» —Pablo VI dixit— sobre el que se  asienta la vida consagrada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Por lo demás, ante alguien que, como el padre Salaverri, lleva más de 65  años siendo testigo de la presencia transfigurante de Dios, no puedo  hacer otra cosa sino dar gracias rendidas por su fidelidad; a él y a  Quien un día le dijo: «Ven y sígueme».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-6748899472679148069?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/6748899472679148069'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/6748899472679148069'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/vida-consagrada-por-juan-manuel-de.html' title='Vida consagrada - por Juan Manuel de Prada'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-820485693571692127</id><published>2012-01-29T18:07:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-29T18:09:13.086Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Juan Manuel de Prada'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aborto'/><title type='text'>Aborto y fariseísmo - por Juan Manuel de Prada</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.religionenlibertad.com/articulo.asp?idarticulo=20376"&gt;Religión en Libertad&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt;SEGÚN un estudio pergeñado por una  asociación de abortorios, de las 36.718 mujeres que acudieron en  solicitud de sus servicios desde julio de 2010 a octubre de 2011, sólo  151 eran menores de edad que lo hacían sin conocimiento paterno. Puesto  que tal asociación de abortorios emplea estos datos para denunciar que  «ese colectivo muy pequeño» (¡tan pequeño que sólo alcanza el 0,41%!) se  hallará «indefenso» tras una hipotética reforma de la ley que obligue a  las menores que deseen abortar a hacerlo con el consentimiento de sus  padres, hemos de concluir que los datos no están falseados; o siquiera  que no han sido rebajados. La realidad es que el número de menores que  abortan sin el consentimiento de sus padres es diminuto, comparado con  las cifras apabullantes de abortos registradas en los últimos años. Y  presentar una reforma de la actual legislación en la que se exija a las  menores el consentimiento paterno como un «refuerzo de la protección del  derecho a la vida» se nos antoja, en el mejor de los casos, una  hipérbole; aunque más exacto sería calificarla de chiste cínico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Se trataría de una reforma que afectaría al 0,41% de las mujeres que  abortan; y que ni siquiera aseguraría que ese porcentaje ínfimo  renunciase a abortar: algunas de esas menores se resignarían a  contárselo a sus padres (y no es inverosímil que, para su sorpresa, les  otorgasen el beneplácito); otras abortarían clandestinamente, o en el  extranjero. Una reforma de estas características, en fin, no serviría  para nada, salvo para tranquilizar las conciencias farisaicas. En  cambio, contribuirá paradójicamente a reforzar la consideración del  aborto como un acto de mera disposición de la voluntad. Pues, ¿cuál es  el mensaje que se desliza a la sociedad cuando se exige que una mujer  menor de edad, para abortar, deba contar con el consentimiento paterno?  Tan sólo que, para abortar, es preciso tener capacidad legal, lo mismo  que para contraer obligaciones o ejercitar ciertos derechos civiles; y  que, cumplido el requisito de la edad (o subsanado por el consentimiento  paterno), abortar es un puro acto de la voluntad, fruto de la autonomía  personal, como casarse o comprar un piso. Es decir, que la madre tiene  un derecho de disposición absoluta —«derecho a decidir»— sobre la vida  que se gesta en su vientre, de la que se erige en propietaria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Siempre nos pareció que la introducción en la vigente ley de aquella  chocante especificación que permitía abortar a las menores sin  consentimiento paterno era una trampa que sólo beneficiaba a los  fariseos que se niegan a enjuiciar objetivamente la naturaleza del  aborto. Que una menor de edad pueda o no abortar sin el consentimiento  de sus padres es un hecho irrelevante ante lo que en realidad se  sustancia cada vez que se perpetra un aborto, que no es sino la  eliminación de una vida gestante: y el estatuto de esa vida gestante es  el mismo, con independencia de la edad de su madre, y desde luego del  consentimiento de sus abuelos. A la postre, se demuestra que quienes  introdujeron aquella chocante especificación —lo mismo que quienes ahora  pretenden expulsarla— lo hicieron sabiendo que de este modo contribuían  a eclipsar nuestro juicio ético, que renuncia a enjuiciar la naturaleza  del acto en sí a cambio de establecer requisitos de capacidad legal en  la mujer que lo perpetra. En el fondo, esta solución farisaica es la  consecuencia inevitable del error primordial (en el que cual ha  incurrido, incluso, cierta retórica antiabortista) de considerar el  aborto una «tragedia para la mujer que aborta», en lugar de presentarlo,  sin aderezos sentimentaloides, como lo que sustantivamente es: un  crimen contra la vida más inerme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.juanmanueldeprada.com/"&gt;www.juanmanueldeprada.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-820485693571692127?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/820485693571692127'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/820485693571692127'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/aborto-y-fariseismo-por-juan-manuel-de.html' title='Aborto y fariseísmo - por Juan Manuel de Prada'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-4440044994869310281</id><published>2012-01-28T19:10:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-28T19:14:51.293Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sacerdotes.'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Igreja'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Homossexualidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Abuso sexual de menores'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Gerard J.M. Van de Aardweg'/><title type='text'>Preti pedofili? No, omosex - di Gerard van den Aardweg e R. Marchesini</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.labussolaquotidiana.it/ita/articoli-preti-pedofili-no-omosex-4347.htm"&gt;La Bussola Quotidiana&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;«I casi di abuso dei minori da parte di preti hanno poco a che vedere  con la pedofilia, molto di più con l’omosessualità». E’ quanto afferma  lo psicoterapeuta olandese Gerard van den Aardweg, rileggendo  criticamente i dati delle &lt;a href="http://www.labussolaquotidiana.it/ita/articoli-preti-pedofili-il-rapporto-del-john-jay-college-e-i-mali-del-68-1918.htm" target="_blank"&gt;ricerche compiute per conto della Conferenza Episcopale statunitense &lt;/a&gt;dal  John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Van den Aardweg è autore di  numerosi studi sull’omosessualità, in italiano è stato pubblicato dalla  editrice Ares un suo volume, “Omosessualità e speranza”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Professor  van den Aardweg, lo studio del John Jay College offre spunti  interessanti per comprendere il problema degli abusi sui minori da parte  dei preti. In particolare mostra come la maggior parte degli abusi non  hanno niente a che vedere con la pedofilia&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ci sono due  rapporti distinti del John Jay College (JJR), Il primo rapporto (JJR 1),  del 2004, presenta statistiche sulle accuse di molestie a minori  attribuite a sacerdoti e diaconi tra il 1950 e il 2002. Il secondo  rapporto (JJR 2), del 2011 era mirato ad analizzare la personalità dei  presunti molestatori e le circostanze esterne che potrebbero averne  favorito la condotta, prendendo in esame il periodo dagli anni ’60 fino  al 1985, quando le accuse di abusi sono già in diminuzione.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Spesso  però si dimentica che tutti i dati contenuti nei JJR sono relativi  perché non è mai stato verificato quante di queste accuse si sono poi  rivelate vere o false. Se anche un 10% delle accuse fossero state  smentite, i risultati della ricerca sarebbero tutti da rivedere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le  statistiche sulla pedofilia erano già presenti nel primo rapporto, ma  gli estensori non spesero troppe parole per dire che il principale  problema non era la pedofilia. Nel secondo rapporto questa conclusione  viene detta in modo molto più chiaro. Allo stesso tempo però sarebbe  esagerato anche dire, al contrario, che la pedofilia non c’entra nulla  con le accuse di molestie. Pedofilia significa contatti sessuali di  adulti con bambini prima della pubertà, che in generale si assume arrivi  attorno agli 11 anni.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quali sono i dati principali contenuti nel JJR 1 riguardo al comportamento pedofilo dei preti?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Il  12% di tutti i casi tra il 1950 e il 2002 coinvolgeva bambini minori di  11 anni, cosa che viene quindi classificata come pedofilia omosessuale;  il 6,6% dei casi riguardava invece le bambine sotto gli 11 anni, quindi  pedofilia eterosessuale. Vale a dire che in meno del 20% dei casi  totali si trattava di pedofilia. Certo, se consideriamo che ci sono una  percentuale di ragazzi fra gli 11 e i 14 anni che non hanno ancora  raggiunto la pubertà, possiamo ipotizzare che anche una parte di questi  casi sia da classificare come pedofilia, in ogni caso non si supererebbe  il 30% dei casi totali. Ma questo è un calcolo teorico, e comunque  anche in questo caso il principale problema non è la pedofilia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Inoltre  parliamo di “casi” di pedofilia, non di percentuali di preti pedofili.  Infatti nel JJR 1 troviamo che il 3% dei preti accusati erano  responsabili del 26% di tutti i casi denunciati tra il 1950 e il 2002.  Curiosamente il rapporto non dice l’età e il sesso dei minori molestati  da questo 3%. Ma anche se una parte di questi preti fosse pedofila, la  percentuale dei preti pedofili tra quelli accusati di molestie è  certamente molto al di sotto del 26%.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Per questo il JJR 2 ha dovuto  ribadire che è sbagliato definire pedofili tutti i preti accusati di  abuso dei minori. Se poi siano il 5 o il 10% o cos’altro, nessuno può  dirlo, i due rapporti non lo hanno chiarito.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ma se il  problema principale non è la pedofilia, qual è allora il problema nella  sessualità della maggioranza dei preti coinvolti?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L’82% di  tutte le presunte molestie consumate tra il 1950 e il 2002 aveva come  vittime dei maschi: il 12% sotto gli 11 anni, come abbiamo visto, il  restante 70% tra gli 11 e i 17 anni. Il che vuol dire che la grande  maggioranza dei casi ha a che fare con l’«ordinaria» omosessualità. In  generale i pedofili non si rivolgono a bambini dello stesso sesso, e  certamente neanche gli eterosessuali. Inoltre, è innegabile che una  rilevante parte di uomini con orientamento omosessuale sia attratta  dagli adolescenti e preadolescenti. Secondo una ricerca, circa il 20%  dei maschi omosessuali attivi preferisce adolescenti e preadolescenti,  un altro 20% preferisce ragazzi nella tarda adolescenza e giovani  adulti. Quindi circa il 40% di maschi omosessuali ha un’attrazione per  gli adolescenti, che viene chiamata efebofilia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Una  buona notizia è che dagli anni ’80 il numero di casi denunciati di  molestie ha iniziato a diminuire, il che sembra coincidere con le misure  preventive prese nel 1981 dalla Congregazione per la Dottrina della  Fede, allora guidata dal cardinale Ratzinger.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sì, questo  documento vaticano può avere aiutato, soprattutto se lo vediamo come  parte di sforzi congiunti durante il pontificato di Giovanni Paolo II  per mettere mano alla confusione morale e dottrinale causata dal  dissenso nella Chiesa del post-Concilio, che senza dubbio è stato uno  dei fattori più importanti nell’abbassare la resistenza di molti preti  ai propri impulsi sessuali, omo o eterosessuali che fossero. Ma  sicuramente ci sono stati altri fattori a giocare un ruolo in questa  diminuzione di casi. Ad esempio, in alcuni paesi a causa dell’abbandono  di tanti preti e religiosi, molte scuole e istituzioni educative hanno  dovuto chiudere. La frequenza in chiesa dei ragazzi è diminuita  drasticamente: in altre parole sono venuti meno quei luoghi dove alcuni  preti con problemi potevano avvicinare i ragazzi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Non dobbiamo però  credere che sia calato allo stesso modo il comportamento omosessuale dei  preti. Una visione più liberal riguardo al comportamento omosessuale  era già penetrata in profondità nella Chiesa. E contemporaneamente molti  giovani con orientamento omosessuale erano entrati nei seminari e  diventati sacerdoti. Inoltre l'età dei partner sessuali di seminaristi e  preti omosessuali si sposta in avanti man mano che il comportamento  omosessuale viene sempre più apertamente tollerato e normalizzato.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Eppure  il JJR 2 non tira le conclusioni. Anzi, sposta l’attenzione su una  rigida educazione moralistica ricevuta in famiglia come causa di  comportamenti scorretti, e comunque non rileva alcuna differenza  sostanziale tra i preti accusati di abusi e gli altri sacerdoti. Come  mai queste conclusioni, peraltro non suffragate da nessun dato  oggettivo?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sicuramente questa è una parte molto debole del  rapporto, io credo per due motivi essenzialmente: il primo è che i  ricercatori del John Jay College sono incompetenti quanto a  investigazioni “psicologiche”. Secondo motivo, sicuramente più  importante, è il tentativo di coprire l’evidente “impronta” omosessuale  in tutta la faccenda: questo è un tabù che deve essere protetto. Per  questo si è evitato di cercare e presentare i dati come una seria  ricerca, non viziata da pregiudizi, dovrebbe fare: dividendo tutti i  casi in categorie molto ben individuate: quelli che hanno abusato di  maschi minori di 11 anni, quelli che hanno abusato di femmine sotto gli  11 anni, quelli che hanno abusato di maschi tra gli 11 e i 13 anni, le  femmine della stessa età, e così via. In questo modo la verità  emergerebbe con chiarezza.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quindi le conclusioni del JJR 2 sono fuorvianti…&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lo  sono perché cercano di nascondere la realtà, accreditando una delle  parole d’ordine del movimento gay: gli omosessuali non hanno una  maggiore inclinazione alle molestie rispetto agli eterosessuali. Così si  arriva a fare contorsioni linguistiche per non dire ciò che appare  evidente. Ad esempio il JJR 2 rifiuta con sdegno “la diffusa  speculazione… che l’identità omosessuale è legata agli abusi…  soprattutto a causa dell’alto numero di vittime di sesso maschile”.  Speculazione? Quasi l’85% delle vittime sono adolescenti maschi e loro  pensano di poter liquidare tranquillamente il fattore omosessuale?  Questa è cecità voluta. Nessuno che abbia familiarità con il problema  delle molestie subite da parte di insegnanti,  in istituti, nelle  famiglie adottive e così via, può dubitare delle motivazioni omosessuali  che sono all’origine della maggioranza dei casi. Piuttosto è la  conclusione del JJR 2 secondo cui i preti che abusano di minori non sono  distinguibili dagli altri preti a essere pura fantasia. Questo vorrebbe  dire che ci sarebbe stato qualche migliaio di normali preti  eterosessuali che hanno cercato gratificazione sessuale con ragazzi  invece che con ragazze. E’ una cosa priva di senso, chi può darvi  credito?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-4440044994869310281?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/4440044994869310281'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/4440044994869310281'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/preti-pedofili-no-omosex-di-gerard-van.html' title='Preti pedofili? No, omosex - di Gerard van den Aardweg e R. Marchesini'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-3261224899611260539</id><published>2012-01-28T19:05:00.003Z</published><updated>2012-01-28T19:10:06.468Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Células estaminais embrionárias'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='embrião'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bioética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sacerdotes'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='P. Angelo Serra'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sacerdócio'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aborto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='genética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='reprodução artificial'/><title type='text'>Padre Serra S. J., la difesa della verità - di Mario Palmaro</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.labussolaquotidiana.it/ita/articoli-padre-serra-la-difesa-della-verit-4349.htm"&gt;La Bussola Quotidiana&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Con la morte di Padre Angelo Serra, avvenuta a Roma nella notte del  20 gennaio, la comunità scientifica perde uno dei più importanti  genetisti, e il mondo cattolico perde uno dei più seri e rigorosi  bioeticisti italiani. Serra rappresenta un raro esempio di studioso nel  quale si univano una grande preparazione scientifica, una modestia  sincera e sorprendente, e un rigore dottrinale e morale assoluto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ho conosciuto Padre Serra nel 1995, da studente,&lt;/strong&gt;  quando frequentavo il corso di specializzazione in Bioetica presso  l’Istituto Scientifico del San Raffaele di Milano. Si trattava di un  corso organizzato con serietà, guidato da docenti intelligenti e  preparati, ma all’interno di una visione morale piuttosto elastica,  disposta a sconfinare dai contorni netti della dottrina cattolica sulla  vita e sulla medicina. Fra i docenti si susseguivano monsignor Sgreccia  e, appunto, Padre Serra; ma anche Edoardo Boncinelli (“per me – ci  diceva – la ricerca scientifica è una cosa, la riflessione morale  un’altra”) e Fernanda Pivano, che fu invitata a tenere una lezione  sull’eutanasia parlando del suicidio dell’amico Hernest Haminguay. Il  tema dell’aborto fu affidato, tanto per dare un’idea, al professor  Giovanni Berlinguer, relatore della legge 194 al parlamento italiano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In quella giornata al San Raffaele, a Serra non ci volle molto&lt;/strong&gt;  per accorgersi che, a dispetto della cornice in cui avveniva la sua  lezione, non stava “giocando in casa”: che l’embrione fosse un essere  umano fin dal concepimento, che la fecondazione artificiale fosse  incompatibile con il rispetto di quell’uomo, che il Rapporto Warnock  dicesse delle corbellerie, era tanto chiaro per Serra quanto discutibile  per alcuni dei suoi allievi. Sulle prime ebbi l’impressione che quel  gesuita, piccolo di statura, dal tratto delicato e gentile, incapace di  alzare la voce, con lo sguardo che ti voleva bene a ogni costo; ebbi  l’impressione, insomma, che quel buon prete sarebbe stato del tutto  inadeguato a far fronte alle obiezioni, talvolta sarcastiche di una  platea così provocatoria. Una specie di don Abbondio in mezzo ai “vasi  di ferro” della bioetica cattolica-possibilista.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Si trattava, in fondo, di una platea che aveva fatto già perdere la pazienza a Sgreccia&lt;/strong&gt;,  che alla fine della sua burrascosa lezione mi aveva confidato “Io qui  non ci vengo più, mi attaccano sempre”. Ma la mia valutazione di Padre  Serra si rivelò presto del tutto sbagliata: Padre Angelo, con quell’aria  serafica e impassibile, difese le posizioni senza mollare di un  millimetro, impugnando di volta in volta le armi della biologia, della  genetica, della filosofia, della logica elementare.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Non ci  fu niente da fare: più lo provocavano, e più ne veniva fuori con calma e  con forza. Ne rimasi molto colpito, anche perché Serra non godeva, né  godette negli anni successivi, di quella fama che avrebbe meritato,  anche nel mondo cattolico. Era schivo, e non cercava i riflettori; e con  quelle idee ortodosse che si ritrovava, tanto meno venivano a cercarlo i  responsabili di giornali e Tv, anche cattolici.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rividi Padre Angelo molti anni dopo, per una circostanza della vita assai strana&lt;/strong&gt;:  insieme ad altri amici, avevamo fondato un’associazione pro life – il  Comitato Verità e Vita – spinti dalla necessità di dire pubblicamente  che la fecondazione artificiale, anche nella sua forma omologa, quella  legalizzata dalla legge 40 del 2004, rimane una pratica inumana,  immorale e contraria al diritto naturale. Una pratica che dovrebbe  essere vietata dalle leggi di uno stato civile. Una pratica che dovrebbe  essere sempre estranea a un medico e a un ospedale cattolico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Non  immaginavamo che questa iniziativa ci avrebbe tirato addosso così tanti  guai proprio da parte del mondo cattolico; ma non immaginavamo nemmeno  che questa scelta ci avrebbe fatto incontrare tante persone  straordinarie, spesso sconsociute ma qualche volta autorevoli e  prestigiose, contagiate esse stesse da una certa “emarginazione”  culturale per via dell’amicizia con “quelli di Verità e Vita”. Padre  Angelo fu uno di questi: quando si trattò di mettere in luce l’altissima  abortività indotta dalla fecondazione artificiale, non ebbe esitazioni,  e iniziò a tenere pubbliche conferenze, organizzate anche da noi, per  spiegare a tutti come stessero le cose.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ovviamente sarebbe riduttivo limitare a questo snodo bioetico&lt;/strong&gt;  la ricchezza di vita di Padre Serra. Genovese, 93 anni dei quali 78  trascorsi nella Compagnia di Gesù, padre Serra è stata una figura di  primissimo piano nel campo della genetica, interpretata sempre nel  rispetto della dignità di ogni essere umano. Era uno studioso apprezzato  in tutto il mondo: nel 1964 ha insegnato alla Harvard Medical School di  Boston. Tornato in Italia, per 30 anni ha risieduto nella comunità  della Civiltà Cattolica ed è stato docente presso la facoltà di Medicina  dell’Università Cattolica di Roma dove ha fondato e diretto l’istituto  di genetica umana. Presidente della Confederazione italiana dei  consultori di ispirazione cristiana, negli ultimi anni padre Serra è  stato membro della Pontificia Accademia per la Vita e del Pontificio  Consiglio per la Salute.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Penso che la sua morte sia una grave perdita per la comunità scientifica&lt;/strong&gt;,  per la Chiesa e per la famiglia della Compagnia di Gesù. Ma è una  perdita molto grave anche per l’esiguo (e talvolta tiepido) fronte pro  life italiano. Padre Angelo Serra è sempre stato un fiero avversario  delle tecniche antiumane applicate alla genetica, e un trasparente  nemico delle leggi ingiuste che permettono l’aborto, la fecondazione  artificiale, la sperimentazione sugli embrioni umani. Una posizione  difficile da sostenere verso il mondo laico dei colleghi; ma per  paradosso, difficile da sostenere anche rispetto a certe derive della  bioetica e della sanità “cattoliche”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Per questo mi sembra giusto ricordare di lui questo profilo&lt;/strong&gt;  che lascia a tutti noi una sorta di “testamento bioetico”: Serra  sostenne sempre la illiceità di ogni tecnica di fecondazione artificiale  extracorporea, e la profonda ingiustizia di una legge come quella  italiana, la 40 del 2004, che – fatte salve le buone intenzioni e il  contesto in cui venne votata - permette di produrre l’uomo in provetta.  Più di una volta, Padre Angelo mi ha confidato la sua sofferenza  profonda per la confusione diffusa anche nel mondo cattolico sui temi  della bioetica; non capiva i silenzi, i compromessi, le ambiguità, i  veri e propri errori, i silenzi intorno alla fecondazione artificiale, e  in particolare il clima di generalizzata “difesa” della fivet omologa a  norma di legge 40.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il suo sorriso è la grande lezione&lt;/strong&gt; che ci rimane più impressa: imparare ogni giorno a difendere la verità, senza odiare nessuno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-3261224899611260539?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/3261224899611260539'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/3261224899611260539'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/padre-serra-s-j-la-difesa-della-verita.html' title='Padre Serra S. J., la difesa della verità - di Mario Palmaro'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-7686307155382041196</id><published>2012-01-28T17:16:00.006Z</published><updated>2012-01-28T18:39:44.476Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sexualidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Humanae Vitae'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Homossexualidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Contracepção. Igreja'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aborto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Teologia do Corpo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='João Paulo II'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='divórcio'/><title type='text'>The Contraception Deception</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/RbKAlpbzASU" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="437" width="600"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-7686307155382041196?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7686307155382041196'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7686307155382041196'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/contrception-deception.html' title='The Contraception Deception'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://img.youtube.com/vi/RbKAlpbzASU/default.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-9187162957056402600</id><published>2012-01-27T17:51:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-27T17:54:13.207Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Defesa da vida'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Casamento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Susan Yhoshihara'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hungria'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Família'/><title type='text'>Hungarian Pro-Life Constitution Comes Under Attack - By Susan Yoshihara, PhD</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;New York, January 27 (C-FAM) Hungarian leaders have passed a law protecting the traditional family, defying ongoing criticism that their new constitution would curtail abortion and homosexuality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;a href="http://www.euractiv.com/sites/all/euractiv/files/CONSTITUTION_in_English__DRAFT.pdf"&gt;new law&lt;/a&gt; says the family, based upon marriage of a man and a woman whose mission is fulfilled by raising children, is an "autonomous community...established before the emergence of law and the State" and that the State must respect it as a matter of national survival. It says "Embryonic and foetal life shall be entitled to protection and respect from the moment of conception," and the state should encourage "homely circumstances" for child care. &lt;a href="http://www.c-fam.org/fridayfax/volume-15/hungary-defies-critics-with-new-family-law.html"&gt;Read More&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-9187162957056402600?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/9187162957056402600'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/9187162957056402600'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/hungarian-pro-life-constitution-comes.html' title='Hungarian Pro-Life Constitution Comes Under Attack - By Susan Yoshihara, PhD'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-7126773437816835877</id><published>2012-01-27T17:41:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-27T17:42:43.897Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UE'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='E. U.'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Eutanásia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><title type='text'>Major victory for life in Europe: ‘Euthanasia must always be prohibited’- by John-Henry Westen</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;STRASBOURG, January 26, 2012 (&lt;a href="http://lifesitenews.com/"&gt;LifeSiteNews.com&lt;/a&gt;)  - Yesterday, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE)  adopted a non-binding resolution stating: “Euthanasia, in the sense of  the intentional killing by act or omission of a dependent human being  for his or her alleged benefit, must always be prohibited.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The purpose of the &lt;a href="http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta12/ERES1859.htm"&gt;resolution&lt;/a&gt;,  entitled “Protecting human rights and dignity by taking into account  previously expressed wishes of patients”, defines the principles that  should govern the practice of “living wills” or “advance directives” in  the 47 States of the Council of Europe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The European Centre for Law and Justice (ECLJ) welcomed the adoption  of the PACE resolution. “This Resolution is a major victory for the  protection of life and dignity,” said ECLJ Director Grégor Puppinck.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Puppinck noted that because “living wills” or “advance directives”  are open to abuses, and are a “backdoor” for introducing euthanasia or  assisted suicide into legislation, PACE’s resolution was necessary.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The resolution is comprised of a list of principles already  elaborated in three documents previously adopted in the Council of  Europe, including the &lt;em&gt;Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine&lt;/em&gt; (Oviedo Convention), which legally binds the majority of member States.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another positive principle introduced by the Italian MP Mr Luca Volontè,  states “in case of doubt, the decision must always be pro-life and in  favour of the prolongation of life.” &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Last year, on January 20th 2011, the European Court of Human Rights &lt;a href="http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/suicide-a-human-right-but-not-state-assisted-suicide-european-court-of-huma/"&gt;delivered a ruling&lt;/a&gt;  (Haas versus Switzerland) that while there is a “human right” to  suicide, the state has no obligation to provide citizens with the means  to commit suicide.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Puppinck noted that although not legally binding on member states,  the PACE resolution would nevertheless have a positive effect.  “It  should have a direct impact on the upcoming judgment of the European  Court in the case &lt;a href="http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive/ldn/2010/jun/10060306"&gt;Koch v. Germany&lt;/a&gt; concerning the ban of assisted suicide in Germany,” he said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-7126773437816835877?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7126773437816835877'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7126773437816835877'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/major-victory-for-life-in-europe.html' title='Major victory for life in Europe: ‘Euthanasia must always be prohibited’- by John-Henry Westen'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-4279987570081591285</id><published>2012-01-27T17:37:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-27T17:40:04.138Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Obama'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arcebispo Timothy Dolan'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aborto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Esterilização'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Contracepção'/><title type='text'>Archbishop Dolan says Obama administration 'treats pregnancy as disease'</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span class="noticia_byline"&gt;New York City, N.Y., Jan 27, 2012 / 12:45 am (&lt;a href="http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/" target="_self"&gt;CNA/EWTN News&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;.-  Cardinal-designate Timothy M. Dolan, head of the U.S. bishops'  conference, says the Obama administration has revoked the religious  freedom of groups that do not regard women's fertility as as “disease.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“The Catholic Church defends religious liberty, including freedom of  conscience, for everyone,” the New York archbishop and conference  president wrote in a Jan. 25 Wall Street Journal editorial, addressing  the government's final decision to require contraception coverage in  most new health plans.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;With this decision, the cardinal-designate wrote, “the Obama  administration has failed to show the same respect for the consciences  of Catholics and others who object to treating pregnancy as a disease.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;On Jan. 20 the Department of Health and Human Services confirmed it  would impose the contraception coverage mandate on most religious  institutions, with a narrow exception for groups whose main purpose is  the “inculcation of religious values” among people of the same faith.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Even Jesus and his disciples would not qualify for the exemption,”  Cardinal-designate Dolan noted,  “because they were committed to serve  those of other faiths.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Health and Human Services finalized the contraceptive mandate just  days before the annual March for Life, an event that mourns the  anniversary of the Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;As the U.S. bishops' president observed in his editorial, the  decision came despite a landmark Supreme Court case in which all nine  justices ruled in favor of religious ministries' right of  self-determination.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Scarcely two weeks ago, in its Hosanna-Tabor decision upholding the  right of churches to make ministerial hiring decisions, the Supreme  Court unanimously and enthusiastically reaffirmed these longstanding and  foundational principles of religious freedom,” he recalled. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The court, he said, made it clear that religious institutions had the right “to control their internal affairs.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But the Obama administration “has veered in the opposite direction.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“It has refused to exempt religious institutions that serve the  common good – including Catholic schools, charities and hospitals – from  its sweeping new health-care mandate that requires employers to  purchase contraception, including abortion-producing drugs, and  sterilization coverage for their employees.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Cardinal-designate Dolan called the move “an unprecedented incursion  into freedom of conscience” that forces an “unacceptable dilemma” on  believers: “Stop serving people of all faiths in their ministries – so  that they will fall under the narrow exemption – or stop providing  health-care coverage to their own employees.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Non-exempt religious groups have been granted an additional year to  comply with the mandate, a concession the future cardinal ridiculed –  “as if we might suddenly be more willing to violate our consciences 12  months from now.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;First published in August 2011 as part of federal health care reform,  the contraception coverage requirement has drawn criticism from a broad  spectrum of groups – including Orthodox Jews and Evangelical  Christians, as well as some Catholics known for supporting the president  on other issues. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Hundreds of religious institutions, and hundreds of thousands of  individual citizens, have raised their voices in principled opposition  to this requirement,” Cardinal-designate Dolan wrote in his editorial. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Many of these good people and groups were Catholic, but many were  Americans of other faiths, or no faith at all, who recognize that their  beliefs could be next on the block.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;In Wednesday's editorial, Cardinal-designate Dolan stressed that  religious liberty is also “the lifeblood of the American people” and  “the cornerstone of American government,” guaranteed in the Bill of  Rights. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Now, he warned, this right is jeopardized in the interest of preventing fertility.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“This latest erosion of our first freedom should make all Americans  pause. When the government tampers with a freedom so fundamental to the  life of our nation, one shudders to think what lies ahead.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-4279987570081591285?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/4279987570081591285'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/4279987570081591285'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/archbishop-dolan-says-obama.html' title='Archbishop Dolan says Obama administration &apos;treats pregnancy as disease&apos;'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-7813063514981642094</id><published>2012-01-27T17:36:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-27T17:37:52.589Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Igreja'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Catolicismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Obama'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Saúde'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Contracepção'/><title type='text'>Pittsburgh bishop: contraception mandate tells Catholics ‘To hell with you!’</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span class="noticia_byline"&gt;Pittsburgh, Pa., Jan 27, 2012 / 03:15 am (&lt;a href="http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/" target="_self"&gt;CNA&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;.-  The new federal contraception mandate is “like a slap in the face” that  says “To Hell with you!” to Catholics and religious freedom, Bishop  David A. Zubik of Pittsburgh said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“This is government by fiat that attacks the rights of everyone – not  only Catholics; not only people of all religion. At no other time in  memory or history has there been such a governmental intrusion on  freedom not only with regard to religion, but even across-the-board with  all citizens,” Bishop Zubik wrote in the Jan. 27 edition of the  Pittsburgh Catholic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Kathleen Sebelius (Health and Human Services Secretary) and through  her, the Obama administration, have said ‘To Hell with You’ to the  Catholic faithful of the United States,” he charged, adding that the  administration has damned Catholics’ religious beliefs, religious  liberty and freedom of conscience.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The new rules from the Department of Health and Human Services  mandate insurance coverage for “preventive services,” a category which  the department ruled covers sterilization and contraception, including  an abortifacient drug. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Catholic teaching recognizes the use of these procedures and drugs as  sinful, but the mandate’s religious exemption is narrow and will not  “practically speaking” apply to many Catholic health systems,  educational institutions, charities and other organization, the bishop  said. It will apply in “virtually every instance where the Catholic  Church serves as an employer.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Bishop Zubik said the mandate treats pregnancy as a disease and  “forces every employer to subsidize an ideology or pay a penalty while  searching for alternatives to health care coverage.” It also undermines  health care reform by “inextricably linking it to the zealotry of  pro-abortion bureaucrats.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;He said the mandate tells Catholics “not only to violate our beliefs,  but to pay directly for that violation” as well as to “subsidize the  imposition of a contraceptive and abortion culture on every person in  the United States.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The bishop asked Catholics to write to President Obama, Secretary Sebelius, their senators and members of Congress.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“This mandate can be changed by Congressional pressure. The only way  that action will happen is if you and I take action,” Bishop Zubik said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Let them know that you and I will not allow ourselves to be pushed  around (or worse yet) be dismissed because of our Catholic faith.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Unless the rules are changed, they will go into effect in one year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-7813063514981642094?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7813063514981642094'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7813063514981642094'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/pittsburgh-bishop-contraception-mandate.html' title='Pittsburgh bishop: contraception mandate tells Catholics ‘To hell with you!’'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-328632404637207872</id><published>2012-01-26T17:53:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-26T17:56:58.962Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Casamento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Paternidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maternidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Filiação'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='adopção'/><title type='text'>Perché ogni bimbo esige un papà e una mamma - di R.Iafrate e G. Tamanza</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.labussolaquotidiana.it/ita/articoli-perch-ogni-bimbo-esigeun-pap-e-una-mamma-4307.htm"&gt;La Bussola Quotidiana&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Per gentile concessione, dall'ultimo numero in uscita di «Vita e  Pensiero», bimestrale culturale dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro  Cuore, pubblichiamo questa riflessione firmata dagli psicologi Raffaella  Iafrate e Giancarlo Tamanza.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;Perché oggi parlare di madri e padri rappresenta un argomento sfidante?  L’essere genitori parrebbe di primo acchito una delle esperienze  esistenziali più note e condivise, una sorta di “universale” indiscusso e  indiscutibile dell’umano. Eppure, attualmente, in un clima di  individualismo e di relativismo, anche tale tema è ampiamente messo in  questione.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L’incremento dell’instabilità coniugale&lt;/strong&gt;  con la diffusione di famiglie monogenitoriali, l’esperienza della  genitorialità sempre più vissuta come una scelta e un diritto  individuale, la diffusione di forme familiari alternative e il dibattito  sui diritti delle coppie omosessuali mettono in discussione  l’affermazione da sempre condivisa secondo la quale «un bambino per  crescere ha bisogno di un papà e di una mamma». Potremmo riassumere la  sfida a cui maternità e paternità sono attualmente sottoposti in un paio  di domande che paiono serpeggiare nel dibattito culturale odierno.  Perché due genitori? E perché diversi?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In prima battuta&lt;/strong&gt;  sarebbe già possibile rispondere a queste domande semplicemente  osservando, dal punto di vista fenomenologico, come tutta la letteratura  psicologica metta da sempre in evidenza il ruolo differenziale delle  due figure genitoriali, mostrando come madri e padri giochino ruoli e  funzioni diversi e complementari nell’educazione dei figli e nella  trasmissione di competenze e valori. Se è vero – come è vero – che, per  crescere, un individuo ha bisogno di fare esperienza della differenza,  ossia di essere in grado di mettersi in rapporto, confrontarsi e  imparare dall’altro, la non omologabilità delle funzioni del maschile e  del femminile appare decisiva.  Molte ricerche di psicologia dimostrano  come, lungo il percorso di crescita dei figli, la compresenza di un  “codice affettivo materno”, improntato alla cura, alla protezione e  all’accoglienza incondizionata e di un “codice etico paterno”, espresso  dalla responsabilità, dalla norma, dalla spinta emancipativa, siano  fondamentali per garantire un’equilibrata evoluzione dell’identità  personale. In particolare, è stata da sempre ampiamente sottolineata  l’importanza di instaurare un buon legame di attaccamento con la madre,  così come, soprattutto negli studi più recenti, è stata enfatizzata la  centralità della funzione paterna man mano che il figlio cresce, a  motivo della necessità di regole e di orientamento verso l’autonomia  che, specie dall’adolescenza in poi, divengono fondamentali.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Numerosi studi&lt;/strong&gt;,  inoltre, hanno mostrato in più occasioni come, in situazioni familiari  peculiari caratterizzate dall’assenza di un genitore, o dalla carenza di  una delle due funzioni genitoriali (specie con l’impallidimento della  figura paterna, tipico del nostro contesto fondamentalmente  “matrifocale”) si possano riscontrare non poche difficoltà, anche a  lungo termine, per i figli. Eppure, qualcuno potrebbe obiettare, è  possibile crescere senza un genitore: l’esperienza positiva di numerose  famiglie in cui anche non per scelta, ma per un’avversità del destino,  una figura genitoriale è venuta a mancare, testimonia che, pur nella  fatica della perdita e dell’assenza, i figli possono crescere sani e  sereni anche con la sola madre o il solo padre. La funzione  “differenziante” può essere assunta anche da altre figure di  riferimento, nonni, amici, reti di sostegno esterne, così come  l’esercizio delle funzioni educative può essere condiviso con altri che  non siano l’altro genitore. Le funzioni materna e paterna sono inoltre  per alcuni aspetti interscambiabili: sempre più frequentemente si  incontrano madri che esercitano alcuni aspetti della funzione paterna e  viceversa padri che svolgono parte della funzione materna (per esempio  aspetti legati all’accudimento), soprattutto oggi dove il rifiuto dei  modelli normativi del passato conduce i padri ad allinearsi maggiormente  alle modalità di relazione tipicamente femminili-materne (si parla a  tal proposito di &lt;em&gt;new nurturant fathers&lt;/em&gt;). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;LA CENTRALITA' DELL'ORIGINE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La  questione va dunque posta a un altro livello. Il tema della “necessità”  per l’umano di un paterno e di un materno, o meglio proprio di “quel  padre” e di “quella madre”, implica uno spostamento di attenzione dal  piano materiale-fenomenologico a un piano simbolico-antropologico e  soprattutto impone un capovolgimento della prospettiva dal punto di  vista dei genitori a quello del figlio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Se c’è un dato indiscutibile&lt;/strong&gt;,  su cui non si può obiettare, è che per nascere “quel figlio” ha bisogno  di “quel padre” e di “quella madre”. Le differenze di genere e di  generazione sono inscritte nella procreazione e sono metafora della vita  psichica: è importante dunque partire non dalla coppia, ma dal figlio.  Il figlio è sempre generato da due, e da due “diversi”, da un maschile e  da un femminile, da due stirpi familiari, da due storie  intergenerazionali e sociali. La differenza (di genere, di stirpe, di  storia) non solo consente la procreazione, ma permette anche che nel  tempo il figlio diventi a propria volta generativo da più punti di  vista. L’incontro con l’altro da sé evidenzia il limite (tu sei quello  che io non sono) e al tempo stesso la potenzialità dell’umano (solo  insieme a te posso andare oltre me stesso), quindi aiuta a riconoscere  ciò che si è e l’obiettivo per cui si è nati. Centrali diventano dunque i  temi dell’origine, dell’identità e della generatività. Il figlio, per  strutturare la propria identità personale, ha bisogno di riconoscersi  nel suo punto di origine che è sempre frutto di uno scambio tra quel  materno e quel paterno che lo hanno generato e che consentirà di  inserirsi in una storia intergenerazionale e sociale, che lo renderà a  propria volta generativo a livello biologico, psicologico e  simbolico-culturale, ossia gli permetterà di realizzare pienamente se  stesso e la sua umanità.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Senza un’origine non c’è identità&lt;/strong&gt;.  Alla domanda «chi sono io?» non riusciamo a rispondere esaurientemente  senza far riferimento alla nostra origine. Solo il semplice fatto di  pronunciare il nostro nome e cognome ci fa risalire a chi il nome l’ha  scelto per noi e ci ha inserito in un’appartenenza familiare. Ripartendo  dal tema dell’origine, si capisce così che questo processo non può che  riguardare sia una madre sia un padre. Se il parto è affidato  interamente alle donne (per questo &lt;em&gt;mater semper certa est&lt;/em&gt;), la nascita è rappresentata dal riconoscimento del padre, dalla nominazione (&lt;em&gt;in nomine patris&lt;/em&gt;),  dall’ingresso del nuovo nato nella famiglia come persona unica e  irripetibile proprio perche “distinta”, “separata” e per questo  “nominata”. Françoise Dolto afferma che è il padre a infondere a un atto  biologico come la nascita un carattere propriamente “umano”; attraverso  l’adozione simbolica del nuovo nato, il padre riconosce e umanizza la  nuova vita nascente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La donna, dunque,&lt;/strong&gt; mette al  mondo, ma non genera da sola. Perché il processo della nascita sia  compiuto occorre spostarsi da un piano puramente biologico a uno  simbolico-sociale che il riconoscimento paterno e l’assegnazione del  “nome del padre” consente di introdurre. È la madre che ospita la  funzione paterna e ne consente l’esercizio. È fondamentale che nella  relazione madre-figlio/a ci sia il riferimento a un terzo, il padre  appunto. È il padre che istituisce la differenza/ differenziazione  dall’originaria simbiosi con la madre (come ha sempre affermato la  psicoanalisi) e, nominandolo, “taglia”, “separa” “de-finisce” il figlio  sottraendolo dallo stato di onnipotenza e introducendo il senso del  limite e contemporaneamente il senso e la direzione della sua crescita,  favorendo così la sua piena umanizzazione. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PROVOCAZIONI DELLA CULTURA CONTEMPORANEA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In  questa prospettiva concettuale e considerando le dimensioni essenziali  della paternità e della maternità, la sfida e gli interrogativi che la  società e la cultura contemporanea pongono alla genitorialità assumono  un aspetto più radicale e complesso. A ben vedere, infatti, la messa in  questione del senso della genitorialità non riguarda soltanto le nuove  forme di vita familiare. Queste ultime rappresentano piuttosto la  condizione empirico-fenomenologica che rende esplicito il tema, ma  l’interrogativo circa la necessità per un figlio di accedere e di  trattare mentalmente il rapporto con le proprie origini riguarda allo  stesso modo le situazioni familiari più comuni o tradizionali. E anche  all’interno di queste situazioni familiari ordinarie, dove cioè un  figlio sperimenta in modo del tutto aproblematico la presenza di un  padre e di una madre, diventa necessario riflettere su quanto le forme  contemporanee della paternità e della maternità possano essere sfidate  circa la loro funzione essenziale e messe alla prova dai modelli  socioculturali emergenti.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;La riflessione e le ricerche&lt;/strong&gt;  sociologiche e psicosociali hanno da tempo, a questo proposito, messo  in evidenza alcuni caratteri tipici della genitorialità contemporanea.  Essi si inscrivono in un più complessivo e generalizzato processo di  trasformazione sociale e culturale che ha prodotto un significativo  cambiamento del modo stesso con cui sembra strutturarsi la mente e  l’identità personale, segnata da un’accresciuta e ormai prevalente  centratura sulla ricerca dell’affermazione individualistica del Sé e  sulla prevalenza di istanze narcisistiche che inducono a una ricerca  immediata e superficiale della soddisfazione personale. Tale assetto ha,  ovviamente, delle ripercussioni sulle forme della genitorialità,  principalmente in due sensi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In primo luogo&lt;/strong&gt;, e  questo è un cambiamento assai rilevante, l’accesso alla genitorialità  risulta essere percepito come l’esito di uno specifico e deliberato atto  di volontà, contrassegnato da tratti di intensa idealizzazione e da  elevatissime aspettative di conferma del proprio valore personale, tanto  da rendere poco tollerabile e riconoscibile l’irriducibile scarto che  l’unicità della realtà personale del figlio porta con sé.  Nell’esperienza genitoriale appare, in altre parole, sempre più diffuso  il bisogno che il figlio sia conforme non solo all’immagine del “figlio  desiderato”, ma che esso sostenga e confermi il senso che il diventare  genitori assume nell’economia psichica del padre e della madre. Da qui,  del resto, deriva la crescente legittimazione del “diritto alla  genitorialità”, inteso non più come possibilità o disponibilità  dell’adulto ad accogliere un figlio, ma come opzione del tutto  incondizionata e soggetta unicamente alla libera scelta dell’adulto.  Tale assetto psichico e culturale che, a prima vista, sembrerebbe  produrre un rafforzamento della posizione del genitore rispetto al  figlio, comporta in realtà anche un suo indebolimento, nel senso che  amplifica gli aspetti di dipendenza del genitore nei confronti del  figlio e riduce la sua capacità di porsi come guida autorevole, capace  di tollerare le inevitabili frustrazioni e i conflitti che l’emergere  dell’autentica e originaria realtà del figlio produce.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Un secondo carattere&lt;/strong&gt;  dei processi più complessivi di trasformazione sociale e culturale che  pare essere strettamente connesso alle forme contemporanee della  genitorialità riguarda la difficoltà a riconoscere e tener conto del  rilievo, tutt’affatto che semplice e lineare, ma piuttosto contrastato  se non addirittura contraddittorio, che gli elementi di legame (e di  vincolo) assumono nel determinare l’identità personale. Essi sono assai  ricercati nella loro valenza funzionale e strumentale, sia sul piano  interpersonale, sia sul piano sociale, ma assai meno riconosciuti nella  loro valenza di significazione e di vincolo, poiché ciò è avvertito come  un ostacolo o un limite all’affermazione delle proprie istanze  individuali. In tal modo, però, si rischia di misconoscere l’essenza  stessa della realtà genitoriale, che al contrario non può essere che  strutturalmente relazionale, cioè fatta – come allude la sua etimologia –  di vincolo (&lt;em&gt;re-ligo&lt;/em&gt;) e di senso (&lt;em&gt;re-fero&lt;/em&gt;). A questo  proposito anche il pensiero psicologico, nonostante da molto tempo siano  disponibili evidenze empiriche più che ragionevoli, contribuisce in  molti casi a legittimare e rafforzare una visione sostanzialmente  riduzionistica della realtà genitoriale, laddove continua ad attribuire  un rilievo pressoché esclusivo al determinismo intrapsichico o, al più,  al “modellamento” determinatosi nell’originaria interazione diadica con  le figure di attaccamento.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Al contrario&lt;/strong&gt;, il  fondamento dell’identità personale, a partire dal suo substrato  genetico-biologico, non può che essere ricondotto a una struttura  triadico-relazionale che, a sua volta, si inscrive in una più ampia  concatenazione transgenerazionale. La genitorialità, in altre parole,  non può che dispiegarsi in un “gioco a tre” e il fondamento  dell’identità del figlio, in quanto figlio, non può che risolversi in  un’unica e specifica collocazione spazio-temporale, cioè in un posto  specifico all’interno della storia e della geografia familiare. E non si  tratta, ovviamente, di una questione puramente materiale, ma prima di  tutto mentale, dal momento che ogni posizione all’interno del “corpo  familiare” è unica e raccoglie l’insieme dei significati, delle  aspettative e dei desideri che, anche inconsapevolmente, si trasmettono e  depositano attraverso le generazioni. Potersi misurare mentalmente con  due genitori, nella loro essenziale unicità, e soprattutto potersi  identificare e riconoscere nel legame, come elemento “terzo”, eccedente  gli individui, è una condizione necessaria per parametrarsi in modo  congruo e realistico con le proprie coordinate di origine o, detto  diversamente, per dare un fondamento reale e non immaginario alla  propria identità.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A fronte di una cultura&lt;/strong&gt;  spesso spaventata dai limiti e dalla differenza – se non addirittura  violenta – nei confronti di essi, avversa ai legami, centrata su valori  individualistici e poco interessata a dare senso e a indicare obiettivi  alle esperienze di vita delle persone, la famiglia, con le sue categorie  di paternità, maternità, filiazione, propone dunque la sua sfida  presentandosi – come affermano Eugenia Scabini e Vittorio Cigoli nei  loro numerosi scritti sull’approccio relazionale simbolico – come il  luogo per eccellenza dell’incontro-relazione tra le differenze fondative  dell’umano (quelle tra genere, generazione e stirpi) e dunque orientato  a un fine generativo, com’è propria dell’incontro tra differenze, sia  sul piano biologico, sia su quello culturale.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Per questo&lt;/strong&gt;  la necessità di riconoscersi in un padre e in una madre è un’istanza  originaria dell’umano e, al di là della presenza/assenza fisica delle  due figure, il diritto inalienabile di chi è figlio, ciò che non può  essere censurato e che pretende di essere rispettato è l’accessibilità  almeno simbolica alla propria origine, il potersi riconoscere in  un’appartenenza che da sempre e per sempre lo definirà come persona  pienamente umana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-328632404637207872?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/328632404637207872'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/328632404637207872'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/perche-ogni-bimbo-esige-un-papa-e-una.html' title='Perché ogni bimbo esige un papà e una mamma - di R.Iafrate e G. Tamanza'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-5161326629442506874</id><published>2012-01-26T15:34:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-26T15:36:33.243Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Verdade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Liberdade religiosa'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Obama'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Consciência'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aborto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Contracepção'/><title type='text'>Whose Conscience? Which Religion? The Enemy Is Partially Us - by E. Christian Brugger, D.Phil., Senior Fellow and Director, Fellows Program</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="by%20E.%20Christian%20Brugger,%20D.Phil.,%20Senior%20Fellow%20and%20Director,%20Fellows%20Program"&gt;Culture of Life Foundation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ruling on Health Care Needs to Be Judged in Light of Truth&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;WASHINGTON, D.C., JAN. 24, 2012 (&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.zenit.org/" target="_self"&gt;Zenit.org&lt;/a&gt; ).- There is a lot of anger  over the Obama administration's recently announced decision to require  religiously-affiliated employers to cover contraceptive services in  their insurance plans, and rightly so. On Friday, the secretary for the  Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Kathleen Sebelius,  announced that institutions such as Catholic universities and hospitals  have one-year to "adapt" their policies to ensure employee coverage for  all FDA approved contraceptives, including the abortion drug Ella, no  copays, no deductibles.    Opponents of the mandate are crying foul: "Obama has waged a war on  religious liberty!" "Conscience rights are being trampled!," and so on.  Because I hold the Obama administration in such disdain, I feel sympathy  for these battle cries. But I fear the problem is deeper; and that if  we don't take a harder look at what's going on around us, we'll all end  up like Dr. Seuss' North-going Zax and South-going Zax, puffing out our  chests, standing nose to nose with our enemy, barking out disagreements  devoid of understanding of the deeper problem. Easy as it is to blame  the liberals for this appalling state of affairs, I think the problem to  a certain degree is that none of us any longer believe in truth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This wasn't always so. Once upon a time, "reasonable laws" were the aims  of lawmakers. "Reasonable" in the eminent tradition of English common  law -- the seedbed for our Anglo-American legal tradition -- meant "in  accord with right reason," which meant "true." So reasonable standards  were true standards. And true standards were something that stood over  and above the standard-bearer. They corresponded in some primordial way  with reality, to which republicans and monarchists, conservatives and  liberals alike were subordinate. Everyone knew, of course, that error  was possible and no one was brash enough to hold that every policy  proposed or adopted was timelessly true. But the standard toward which  political discourse aimed was a standard of truth.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We are now embarrassed by the term "truth." As an artifact of language  ("We hold these 'truths' to be … "), the term is still occasionally  heard in the public sphere. But as a normative term affirming the  correspondence of some proposition with reality, the term in the public  sphere has been dead and buried for decades. It connotes being  inflexible and uncompromising, a genuine threat to pluralism, an offense  against dialogue, and an insult against inclusivity -- American virtues  all. Down deep in our democratic soul, we suspect -- yes, even  conservatives -- that those who assert "truth" in the public sphere are  dangerously slouching toward tyranny. After all, we rejected in 1776  Britain's Erastian politico-religious system of the "divine" right of  kings.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So we talk rather about opinion, consensus and party platforms. We  reduce moral judgment and religious belief to sectarian "rights," with  the full implication that no moral judgment or religious doctrine is  timelessly true. In order to avoid sectarian conflict, we agree to  tolerate the ideas of the other side. But we believe they (i.e., the  other side and their ideas) are stupid and our side is right. And  rightness -- and this is the clincher -- is an essentially subjective  concept, no connection to truth. Of course, to sever rightness and  truthfulness is philosophically untenable. But dammit we're Americans,  not philosophers.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What are we left with? Elections. Get our guy into office so he can  advance our view and oppose the other side. Sounds like a bunch of  children on a playground: befriend the big kid. We seem content to  resolve weighty issues bearing on the future of our civilization through  political solutions. But, alas, politicians are sinners. When our guy  gets in, he starts an unjustified war, bullies smaller nations whose  cultures he doesn't understand, apologizes for American failings,  fraternizes with tyrants, fornicates, adulterizes, says he's "sorry" and  other maddening things such as "I feel your pain" or "mission  accomplished!" We grow disillusioned, throw him out of office, and  search for another savior. Has our grand experiment in ordered liberty  been replaced by a conception of authority more near to Nietzche's  ubiquitous will-to-power? Can the integrity of our community endure five  more decades of this modus operandi? &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Has "Obama waged a war on religious liberty"? Are "conscience rights  being trampled"? He and his defenders certainly don't think so. They  think they're waging a war on intolerance and bigotry that has its  origin in anti-pluralistic, dogmatic, subjective religious opinion. And  our side unwittingly reinforces that view. Ten out of 10 conservative  blogs and sites after the HHS decision announced: "Conscience is under  attack!" "Religion is under attack!" Rubbish. Truth, reality, human  welfare is under attack. "Conscience" to the other side means subjective  moral opinion; and when it's our consciences they're referring to, it  means dangerous moral opinion; and "religion" means bigotry. Of course  they're going to oppose it. But we -- all of us -- have supported the  public rhetorical instruments by which those terms have become morally  inert. &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yes, there is a lot of anger over Obama's radically illiberal policy.  But that anger is only rightly felt if it concerns the violation, not of  legal or even constitutional rights, but the violation of truth. We  need to stand up and say confidently and resolutely to Kathleen  Sebelius, her thugs at HHS and her puppet-master in the White House:  Your view is false and untrue; it radically violates human good and is  destructive of communal integrity. Forcing persons wrongfully to  cooperate in actions they judge to be evil is evil. And no president,  king or emperor rightly demands others to do what is evil. We won't do  it.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-5161326629442506874?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5161326629442506874'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5161326629442506874'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/whose-conscience-which-religion-enemy.html' title='Whose Conscience? Which Religion? The Enemy Is Partially Us - by E. Christian Brugger, D.Phil., Senior Fellow and Director, Fellows Program'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-5422380982882070408</id><published>2012-01-26T12:10:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-26T12:14:44.579Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Amor'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Deus'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Down syndrome'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Arcebisbo Chaput'/><title type='text'>Disability: A Thread for Weaving Joy - by Charles J. Chaput</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2012/01/4575"&gt;The Public Discourse&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;" class="synopsis_focus"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;While some people resent the imperfection,  the inconvenience, and the expense of persons with disabilities, others  see in them an invitation to learn how to love deeply without counting  the cost. God will demand an accounting. Adapted from remarks delivered  at the Cardinal O’Connor Conference on Life.   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The great French Jesuit Henri de Lubac once  wrote, “Suffering is the thread from which the stuff of joy is woven.  Never will the optimist know joy.” Those seem like strange words,  especially for Americans. We Americans take progress as an article of  faith. And faith in progress demands a spirit of optimism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But Father de Lubac knew that optimism and hope are very different creatures. In real life, bad things happen. Progress is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt;  assured, and things that claim to be “progress” can sometimes be wicked  and murderous instead. We can slip backward as a nation just as easily  as we can advance. This is why optimism—and all the political slogans  that go with it—are so often a cheat. Real hope and real joy are  precious. They have a price. They emerge from the experience of  suffering, which is made noble and given meaning by faith in a loving  God.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;A number of my friends have children with disabilities. Their  problems range from cerebral palsy to Turner’s syndrome to Trisomy 18,  which is extremely serious. But I want to focus on one fairly common  genetic disability to make my point. I’m referring to Trisomy 21, or  Down syndrome.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Down syndrome is not a disease. It’s a genetic disorder with a  variety of symptoms. Therapy can ease the burden of those symptoms, but  Down syndrome is permanent. There’s no cure. People with Down syndrome  have mild to moderate developmental delays. They have low to middling  cognitive function. They also tend to have a uniquely Down syndrome  “look”—a flat facial profile, almond-shaped eyes, a small nose, short  neck, thick stature, and a small mouth which often causes the tongue to  protrude and interferes with clear speech. People with Down syndrome  also tend to have low muscle tone. This can affect their posture,  breathing, and speech.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Currently about 5,000 children with Down syndrome are born in the  United States each year. They join a national Down syndrome population  of about 400,000 persons. But that population may soon dwindle. And the  reason &lt;em&gt;why&lt;/em&gt; it may decline illustrates, in a vivid way, a  struggle within the American soul. That struggle will shape the  character of our society in the decades to come.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Prenatal testing can now detect up to 95 percent of pregnancies with a  strong risk of Down syndrome. The tests aren’t conclusive. They can’t  give a firm yes or no. But they’re pretty good. And the results of those  tests are brutally practical. Studies show that more than 80 percent of  unborn babies diagnosed with Down syndrome now get terminated in the  womb. They’re killed because of a flaw in one of their chromosomes—a  flaw that’s neither fatal nor contagious, but merely undesirable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The older a woman gets, the higher her risk of bearing a child with  Down syndrome. And so, in medical offices around the country, pregnant  women now hear from doctors or genetic counselors that their baby has  “an increased likelihood” of Down syndrome based on one or more prenatal  tests. Some doctors deliver this information with sensitivity and great  support for the woman. But, as my friends know from experience, too  many others seem more concerned about avoiding lawsuits, or managing  costs, or even, in a few ugly cases, cleaning up the gene pool.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;In practice, medical professionals can now steer an expectant mother toward abortion simply by hinting at a list of the child’s &lt;em&gt;possible &lt;/em&gt;defects.  And the most debased thing about that kind of pressure is that doctors  know better than anyone else how vulnerable a woman can be in hearing  potentially tragic news about her unborn baby.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;I’m not suggesting that doctors should hold back vital knowledge from  parents. Nor should they paint an implausibly upbeat picture of life  with a child who has a disability. Facts and resources are crucial in  helping adult persons prepare themselves for difficult challenges. But  doctors, genetic counselors, and medical school professors &lt;em&gt;should&lt;/em&gt; have on staff—or at least on speed dial—experts of a different sort.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Parents of children with special needs, special education teachers  and therapists, and pediatricians who have treated children with  disabilities often have a hugely life-affirming perspective. Unlike  prenatal caregivers, these professionals have direct knowledge of  persons with special needs. They know their potential. They’ve seen  their accomplishments. They can testify to the benefits—often  miraculous—of parental love and faith. Expectant parents deserve to know  that a child with Down syndrome can love, laugh, learn, work, feel hope  and excitement, make friends, and create joy for others. These things  are beautiful &lt;em&gt;precisely&lt;/em&gt; because they transcend what we expect.  They witness to the truth that every child with special needs has a  value that matters eternally.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Raising a child with Down syndrome can be demanding. It always  involves some degree of suffering. Parents grow up very fast. None of my  friends who has a daughter or a son with a serious disability is  melodramatic, or self-conscious, or even especially pious about it. They  speak about their special child with an unsentimental realism. It’s a  realism flowing out of love—&lt;em&gt;real&lt;/em&gt; love, the kind that forces its  way through fear and suffering to a decision, finally, to surround the  child with their heart and trust in the goodness of God. And that  decision to trust, of course, demands not just real love, but also real &lt;em&gt;courage.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The real choice in accepting or rejecting a child with special needs  is never between some imaginary perfection and imperfection. None of us  is perfect. No child is perfect. The real choice in accepting or  rejecting a child with special needs is between love and &lt;em&gt;un&lt;/em&gt;love;  between courage and cowardice; between trust and fear. That’s the  choice we face when it happens in our personal experience. And that’s  the choice we face as a society in deciding which human lives we will  treat as valuable, and which we will not.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Nearly 50 percent of babies with Down syndrome are born with some  sort of heart defect. Most have a lifelong set of health challenges.  Some of them are serious. Government help is a mixed bag. Public policy  is uneven. Some cities and states provide generous aid to the disabled  and their families. In many other jurisdictions, though, a bad economy  has forced very damaging budget cuts. Services for the disabled—who  often lack the resources, voting power, and lobbyists to defend their  interests—have shrunk. In still other places, the law mandates good  support and care, but lawmakers neglect their funding obligations, and  no one holds them accountable. The vulgar economic fact about the  disabled is that, in purely utilitarian terms, they rarely seem worth  the investment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;That’s the bad news. But there’s also good news. Ironically, for those persons with Down syndrome who &lt;em&gt;do&lt;/em&gt;  make it out of the womb, life is better than at any time in our  nation’s history. A baby with Down syndrome born in 1944, the year of my  own birth, could expect to live about 25 years. Many spent their entire  lives mothballed in public institutions. Today, people with Down  syndrome routinely survive into their 50s and 60s. Most can enjoy happy,  productive lives. Most live with their families or share group homes  with modified supervision and some measure of personal autonomy. Many  hold steady jobs in the workplace. Some marry. A few have even attended  college. Federal law mandates a free and appropriate education for  children with special needs through the age of 21. Social Security  provides modest monthly support for persons with Down syndrome and other  severe disabilities from age 18 throughout their lives. These are huge  blessings.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;And, just as some people resent the imperfection, the inconvenience, and the expense of persons with disabilities, &lt;em&gt;others&lt;/em&gt; see in them an invitation to learn how to love deeply and without counting the cost.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Hundreds of families in this country—like my young friends in Denver,  Kate and JD Flynn—are now seeking to adopt children with Down syndrome.  Many of these families already have, or know, a child with special  needs. They believe in the spirit of these beautiful children, because  they’ve seen it firsthand. A Maryland-based organization, Reece’s  Rainbow, helps arrange international adoptions of children with Down  syndrome. The late Eunice Shriver spent much of her life working to  advance the dignity of children with Down syndrome and other  disabilities. The Anna and John J. Sie Foundation committed $34 million  to the University of Colorado to focus on improving the medical  conditions faced by those with Down syndrome. And many businesses, all  over the country, now welcome workers with Down syndrome. Parents of  these special employees say that having a job, however tedious, and  earning a paycheck, however small, gives their children pride and  purpose. These things are more precious than gold.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The Nobel Peace Prize winner Albert Schweitzer once wrote that, “A  man is truly ethical only when he obeys the compulsion to help all life  which he is able to assist, and shrinks from injuring anything that  lives.” Every child with Down syndrome, every adult with special needs;  in fact, every unwanted unborn child, every person who is poor, weak,  abandoned, or homeless—each one of these persons is an icon of God’s  face and a vessel of His love. How we treat these persons—whether we  revere them and welcome them, or throw them away in distaste—shows what  we &lt;em&gt;really&lt;/em&gt; believe about human dignity, both as individuals and as a nation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The American Jesuit scholar Father John Courtney Murray once said  that “Anyone who really believes in God must set God, and the truth of  God, above all other considerations.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Here’s what that means. Catholic public officials who take God  seriously cannot support laws that attack human dignity without lying to  themselves, misleading others, and abusing the faith of their fellow  Catholics. &lt;em&gt;God will demand an accounting.&lt;/em&gt; Catholic doctors who  take God seriously cannot do procedures, prescribe drugs, or support  health policies that attack the sanctity of unborn children or the  elderly, or that undermine the dignity of human sexuality and the  family. &lt;em&gt;God will demand an accounting.&lt;/em&gt; And Catholic citizens  who take God seriously cannot claim to love their Church, and then  ignore her counsel on vital public issues that shape our nation’s life. &lt;em&gt;God will demand an accounting.&lt;/em&gt; As individuals, we can &lt;em&gt;claim &lt;/em&gt;to  believe whatever we want. We can posture, and rationalize our choices,  and make alibis with each other all day long—but no excuse for our lack  of honesty and zeal will work with the God who made us. God knows our  hearts better than we do. If we don’t conform our hearts and actions to  the faith we claim to believe, we’re only fooling ourselves.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;We live in a culture where our marketers and entertainment media  compulsively mislead us about the sustainability of youth, the indignity  of old age, the avoidance of suffering, the denial of death, the nature  of real beauty, the impermanence of every human love, the  oppressiveness of children and family, the silliness of virtue, and the  cynicism of religious faith. It’s a culture of fantasy, selfishness,  sexual confusion, and illness that we’ve brought upon ourselves. And  we’ve done it by misusing the freedom that other—and &lt;em&gt;greater&lt;/em&gt;—generations than our own worked for, bled for, and bequeathed to our safekeeping.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What have we done with that freedom? In whose service do we use it now?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;John Courtney Murray is most often remembered for his work at Vatican  II on the issue of religious liberty, and for his great defense of  American democracy in his book, &lt;em&gt;We Hold These Truths. &lt;/em&gt;Murray  believed deeply in the ideas and moral principles of the American  experiment. He saw in the roots of the American Revolution the unique  conditions for a mature people to exercise their freedom through  intelligent public discourse, mutual cooperation, and laws inspired by  right moral character. He argued that—at its best—American democracy is  not only compatible with the Catholic faith, but congenial to it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But he had a caveat. It’s the caveat that George Washington implied  in his Farewell Address, and that Charles Carroll—the only Catholic  signer of the Declaration of Independence—mentions in his own writings.  In order to work, America depends as a nation on a &lt;em&gt;moral&lt;/em&gt; people shaped by their &lt;em&gt;religious&lt;/em&gt; faith, and in a particular way, by the &lt;em&gt;Christian&lt;/em&gt;  faith. Without that living faith, animating its people and informing  its public life, America becomes something alien and hostile to the very  ideals it was founded on.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;This is why the same Father Murray who revered the best ideals of the  American experiment could also write that “Our American culture, as it  exists, is actually the quintessence of all that is decadent in the  culture of the Western Christian world. It would seem to be erected on  the triple denial that has corrupted Western culture at its roots: the  denial of metaphysical reality, of the primacy of the spiritual over the  material, [and] of the social over the individual . . . Its most  striking characteristic is its profound materialism . . . It has given  citizens everything to live for and nothing to die for. And its  achievement may be summed up thus: It has gained a continent and lost  its own soul.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Catholics need to wake up from the illusion that the America we now  live in—not the America of our nostalgia or imagination or best ideals,  but the real America we live in here and now—is somehow friendly to our  faith. What we’re watching emerge in this country is a new kind of  paganism, an atheism with air-conditioning and digital TV. And it is  neither tolerant nor morally neutral.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;As the historian Gertrude Himmelfarb observed more than a decade ago,  “What was once stigmatized as deviant behavior is now tolerated and  even sanctioned; what was once regarded as abnormal has been  normalized.” But even more importantly, she added, “As deviancy is  normalized, so what was once normal becomes deviant. The kind of family  that has been regarded for centuries as natural and moral—the  ‘bourgeois’ family as it is invidiously called—is now seen as  pathological” and exclusionary, concealing the worst forms of psychic  and physical oppression.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;My point is this: Evil talks about tolerance only when it’s weak.  When it gains the upper hand, its vanity always requires the destruction  of the good and the innocent, because the example of good and innocent  lives is an ongoing witness against it. So it always has been. So it  always will be. And America has no special immunity to becoming an enemy  of its own founding beliefs about human freedom, human dignity, the  limited power of the state, and the sovereignty of God.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;A friend of mine has a son with Down syndrome, and she calls him a  “sniffer of souls.” I know him, and it’s true. He is. He may have an IQ  of 47, and he’ll never read &lt;em&gt;The Brothers Karamazov, &lt;/em&gt;but he has a  piercingly quick sense of the people he meets. He knows when he’s  loved—and he knows when he’s not. Ultimately, I think we’re all like her  son. We hunger for people to confirm that we have meaning by showing us  love. We need that love. And we suffer when that love is withheld.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;These children with disabilities are not a burden; they’re a  priceless gift to all of us. They’re a doorway to the real meaning of  our humanity. Whatever suffering we endure to welcome, protect, and  ennoble these special children is worth it because they’re a pathway to  real hope and real joy. Abortion kills a child; it wounds a precious  part of a woman’s own dignity and identity; and it steals hope&lt;em&gt;. That’s&lt;/em&gt; why it’s wrong. That’s why it needs to end. That’s why we march.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Never give up the struggle that the March for Life embodies. No  matter how long it takes, no matter how many times you march—it matters,  eternally. Because of you, some young woman will choose life, and that  new life will have the love of God forever.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The great Green Bay Packer theologian, Vince Lombardi, liked to say  that real glory consists in getting knocked flat on the ground, again  and again and again, and getting back up—just one more time than the  other guy. That’s real glory. And there’s no better metaphor for the  Christian life. Don’t give up. Your prolife witness gives glory to God.  Be the best &lt;em&gt;Catholics&lt;/em&gt; you can be. Pour your love for Jesus  Christ into building and struggling for a culture of life. By your words  and by your actions, be an apostle to your friends and colleagues.  Speak up for what you believe. Love the Church. Defend her teaching.  Trust in God. Believe in the Gospel. &lt;em&gt;And don’t be afraid.&lt;/em&gt; Fear is beneath your dignity as sons and daughters of the God of life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Changing the course of American culture seems like such a huge task;  so far beyond the reach of this gathering today. But St. Paul felt  exactly the same way. Redeeming and converting a civilization has  already been done once. It can be done again. But we need to understand  that God is calling you and me to do it. He chose &lt;em&gt;us&lt;/em&gt;. He calls &lt;em&gt;us.&lt;/em&gt; He’s waiting, and now we need to answer him.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Charles J. Chaput, O.F.M. Cap., Roman Catholic Archbishop of Philadelphia, is the author of&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Render-Unto-Caesar-Catholic-Political/dp/0385522282"&gt;Render Unto Caesar: Serving the Nation by Living Our Catholic Beliefs in Political Life&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;em&gt;This essay is adapted from a lecture Archbishop Chaput delivered this past weekend at the &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cardinal O’Connor Conference on Life.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-5422380982882070408?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5422380982882070408'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5422380982882070408'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/disability-thread-for-weaving-joy-by.html' title='Disability: A Thread for Weaving Joy - by Charles J. Chaput'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-4910722267660531484</id><published>2012-01-26T12:03:00.003Z</published><updated>2012-01-26T12:07:56.418Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Igreja'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sexualidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aborto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='divórcio'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Contracepção'/><title type='text'>Why Contraception Matters - by Stephen Patton M.A., J.D.</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://onemoresoul.com/featured/why-contraception-matters.html"&gt;One More Soul&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Good afternoon.  I need to begin with a “viewer’s discretion  advisory.”  In this talk I’m going to discuss some details about the  marital act: what takes place, what it means, and how it can be  distorted.  So if you’re listening now with young children, either live  or on the recording, please take their ages into consideration and  perhaps listen later when they’re not present.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;I’d like to tell you about three people: a priest and a married  couple.  They’re fictional characters, but in a sense they’re quite  real.  Each represents a composite of the views of many actual priests  and married couples in the United States today.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;First, let me introduce you to Fr. Friendly.  Fr. Friendly is loved  and respected by his parishioners, and he loves and respects them.  He  knows all about the many temptations and tensions they face every day,  and so he makes it a point to teach them often about God’s compassion  and mercy.  But of all the many issues that weigh down upon his flock,  and so weigh down upon him, two stand out:  abortion and divorce.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;While he’s not what you might call an activist pro-life priest, he  knows that abortion is a grave crime against the unborn.  He has even  occasionally preached about it, although always with compassion.  He  knows that most women make that awful decision not so much as a free  choice, but because they didn’t think they really had a choice.  He  wants to reach out to them, and he wants to keep anyone else from making  that same terrible decision.  He wishes he could pinpoint why it is  that so many people, including so many seemingly good Catholics, still  fall prey to this sin by the hundreds of thousands.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;He likewise grieves the epidemic of divorce.  He has personally  ministered to dozens of broken marriages and families.  It saddens him  deeply that this could happen to so many good couples, especially those  who seemed to have it all together: regular church-goers, kind people,  parents who love their children.  He has preached about the sanctity of  marriage, he has encouraged distressed couples to go to counseling, he  promotes marriage enrichment programs.  And yet the divorces continue to  multiply.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;One topic Fr. Friendly has never preached about, though, is  contraception.  He knows use of it is against the official teaching of  the Catholic Church, and he knows that most Catholics don’t comply with  that teaching. He doesn’t preach about this or bring it up in  confession, though.  He figures, with all the other burdens his flock is  already carrying, he shouldn’t lay that one on them too.  He suspects  there is something wrong with contraception, but he’s always figured  that it’s really not that big a deal, and that there are more important  things to talk about.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Now let me introduce you to Mr. &amp;amp; Mrs. Goodpeople.  The  Goodpeople’s are active, contributing members of Fr. Friendly’s parish,  and in each of the areas I just mentioned their views are virtually  identical to his.  They know that abortion is wrong and they don’t think  anyone should ever have one.  They’re also saddened at the epidemic of  divorce all around them, in their own family and among their closest  friends.  They just can’t understand what’s going on.  They take their  own marriage seriously and they wish every couple would do the same.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But if they’re in tune with the teachings of the Church when it comes  to abortion and divorce, they’re not when it comes to contraception.   Mrs. Goodpeople has been on the Pill since she became sexually active as  a teenager.  No one ever told her there was anything wrong with this –  not her parents, not her peers, not her teachers, not her doctors, not  her priests.  They’ve either said contraception was the good and  responsible thing to do, or they’ve said nothing at all.  For Mr.  Goodpeople it was much the same way.  So, the two of them took this way  of thinking into their marriage.  Except for when they wanted to  conceive, they’ve always used contraception.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Every now and then they’ve heard something about the Catholic Church  “frowning upon” contraception, or that it “disapproves of” it.  But  they’ve never heard that it’s a serious sin.  It’s never been explained  to them how it offends God and harms us.  Somewhere along the line  they’ve also heard rumors about something called NFP, but they’ve never  looked into it.  They don’t know anyone who takes it seriously,  apparently including Fr. Friendly.  The Goodpeople’s want to do the  right thing, and they’d probably be open to learning about the church’s  teaching if it was ever presented to them.  But unless that happens  they’re going to just keep on using contraception and eventually they  will also probably choose to get sterilized.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;It’s to all of you Fr. Friendly’s and Mr. and Mrs. Goodpeople’s out  there that I offer these thoughts.  I want to show you two things.   First, I want to show you why contraception really is a big deal.  I  want to show you that no matter how passionate you or any of us might be  about stopping abortion and divorce, until we start changing our  contraceptive views and practices, we’re never going to see an end to  either of those two evils.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Second, I want to bring all this home to us as a Church.  What kind  of effect, on us, does our complicity with the contraceptive mentality  have?  And what can we do about it? &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Our Culture of Dual Death&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;So let’s look first at how contraception leads to both abortion and divorce.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;You’ve probably heard the terms “culture of life” and “culture of  death” that were coined by Pope John Paul II.  I think we could split  the term culture of death into two sub-categories: death to life and  death to marital love.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;By death to life, I mean not just to death to tens of millions of  pre-born babies, but to a growing death to the very idea of babies.   Across North America, Europe, and in virtually every other culture where  abortion has become common, we can also observe declining birth rates  and in many instances dramatically declining birth rates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;So a culture of death to life is culture with a generally declining  view toward new human life.  We’re either outright killing a huge  percentage of our babies through abortion, or we’re taking a dimmer,  more pessimistic view of conceiving them at all.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Our culture of death to marital love shows a similar pattern.  We’re  more and more seeing not just outright death to marital love in the form  of divorce – which is tragic enough at about 50% of all marriages – but  also a kind of death to the very idea of making such a commitment.   Fewer people are getting married at all.  Marriage rates in the U.S.  have been steadily declining for decades.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What’s happening here?  This notion of a man and a woman making a  life-long commitment of love, and staying in it, has been around for  thousands of years in every human culture.  Why is it now, in our  culture, gradually dieing away?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Look at abortion and divorce side by side.  Keep in mind: neither is  new to the human experience.  Both have been around for thousands of  years, but usually only as the extreme fall-back option.  So why is it  that both of them, at basically the same time suddenly came out of the  dark fringes and mushroomed to epidemic levels?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What I suggest, is that all of this death and withering – in the  forms of abortion, declining birth rates, divorce, declining marriage  rates – all of this mushroomed together right along with the mushrooming  use of contraception.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Our Culture of Contraception&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;I’d like to show you now what I can only describe as our culture of  contraception, but first, I want to ask you to consider the terms  “contraception” and “sterilization” to be virtually interchangeable.   After all, contraception is basically a temporary form of sterilization,  while sterilization is a permanent form of contraception.  Each,  though, is essentially the same thing: an act that intentionally renders  the sexual act sterile.  So when I refer to our culture of  contraception, what I’m really referring to is our culture of sterilized  sex.  What do I mean by that?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The dominant, modern American view of sex is that for most if not all  of a person’s reproductive life, their natural, healthy state of  fertility needs to be sterilized.  If you don’t sterilize it, then it is  not, quote unquote, “safe”.  The possibility that sexual activity could  lead to pregnancy is something you need to protect yourself from.  We  understand the phrase, “responsible sex”, as in, “responsible people use  birth control; irresponsible people don’t” in the same way.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Indoctrination to this way of thinking starts early.  Whether it’s  from our peers, parents, teachers, doctors or the media, instruction  about birth control usually comes to us hand in hand with instruction  about sex in general.  It’s considered to be the normal, safe,  responsible thing that people do.  Now, please understand, we can and  must oppose with this view.  What I’m saying, though, is that there is  wide support for it.  You can be a well respected parent and civic  leader not just in spite of holding this view but because of holding it.   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The result of all this accumulated cultural pressure is that well  over 90% of Americans will engage in sterilized sex in one form or  another over the course of their lives, and Catholics like the  Goodpeople’s are no exception. They and millions of others like them  build their entire lives around this view of fertility.  It’s just a  given.  It’s the air we breathe.  Take sterilized sex out of the  picture, and most Americans would feel their entire world seriously  threatened.  Even people who would oppose teaching children about  condoms, or putting contraceptives into the hands of young or unmarried  people, would see it, for married couples, as American as apple pie.   It’s no wonder Fr. Friendly won’t touch it with a ten-foot pole.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But just stop and think about the enormity of what’s going on here.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Just think about what it means from a medical standpoint to sterilize  the reproductive organs, either temporarily or permanently.  All of  medicine, all of health care can be boiled down to this:  you either  help sick organs get healthy or you help healthy organs stay healthy.   That’s it.  Medical care is never supposed to make healthy organs sick  or interfere with their natural operations.   Sometimes we have to make  healthy organs suffer as an unintended side effect, like when a person  gets ill from chemo-therapy for cancer.  But that’s only when the  greater good of the person’s health is at stake.  We’re never supposed  to make an organ sick or mutilate it as the central, intended purpose.   Doctors understand this, nurses understand this, we all understand this.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But for some strange reason how we treat the reproductive organs  stands as the one, glaring exception to this rule.  But fertility is a  natural, healthy state.  It’s not an illness that needs to be corrected  with surgery.  It’s not a disease that we need to be healed of with a  pill.  But sterilizing these healthy organs is not only widely accepted  by health care providers; you’re considered backwards and irresponsible  if you don’t accept it.  In the medical community, contraception and  sterilization have become the “standard of care.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Why sterilized sex causes abortion and divorce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Now, let’s return to the question, why would this widespread  acceptance and approval of sterilized sex give rise to widespread  abortion and divorce?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;I’m going to answer this question at two levels, first, the more  apparent level, which I’ll call the tip of the iceberg, and then the  more subtle level below the surface.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;- The Tip of the Iceberg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;So, let’s first look at the more obvious level of how a culture of sterilized sex leads to a culture of death.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;- Death to Marital Love&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;First, by it leading to a culture of death to marital love, I mean  this.  It used to be, before the contraceptive revolution, that there  was a pretty clear and firm connection between sex and marriage.   Married people had sex, unmarried people didn’t, or if they did, they  more or less knew that they weren’t supposed to.  Most everybody knew  this.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But over the course of the twentieth century, as contraception became  more socially accepted, more available, and more effective, all that  began to change.  By the time the sixties rolled around it was becoming  clear, to married and unmarried people alike, that you didn’t have to be  married to have sex.  Contraceptive practice had made sex into a  recreational activity that everyone has a right to.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;What did this mean for the unmarried?&lt;/em&gt;  Well, you probably  heard the old saying, “Why buy the cow when you can get the milk for  free?”  Widespread acceptance and availability of contraception has led  to widespread fornication.  Pre marital sex is now not only socially  acceptable, but socially respectable.  It’s no different among  Catholics.  90% of engaged couples in the U.S. who come to the Catholic  Church for marriage are already sexually active.  90%  Yes, people do  still get married, but in fewer numbers.  Why?  Well, one of the reasons  a man and woman used to get married was to start having sex, and  contraception basically removed that as a reason.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;What did the contraceptive revolution do to married people?&lt;/em&gt;  There are three ways that it led to an increase in divorce rates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;First, it’s the flip side of what I just mentioned: if sex is no  longer a reason to get married, then it’s also no longer a reason to  stay married.  Anyone can have it.  It’s pretty much  a commodity.  But  once sex is removed from the portrait of all those things that make  marriage unique and valuable, then a married couple at risk will have  one less reason to try to make it work.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Second, widespread contraceptive practice in many cases removed  another reason that has traditionally held together married couples,  namely, children.  There is something to be said for a couple trying to  make their marriage work for the sake of the children.  But what happens  when there are no children?  More contraception has led to fewer  children, and in many cases to no children at all.  Divorces naturally  followed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Third, widespread use of contraception by married couples also led to  an increase of adultery.  Once you take away one of the greatest fears  of extra-marital sex – which is pregnancy – you’re going to see an  increase of that activity.  And when there is an increase in adultery  there’s also going to be an increase in divorce.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;In net effect, our culture of sterilized sex has made marriage on the  whole a less attractive institution to enter into, and an easier  institution to get out of.  It’s contributed to the demise of millions  of marriages, both those that actually took place and those that should  have taken place, but never did.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;- Death to Life &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Let’s look now at how our culture of widespread sterilized sex has  also led to our culture of widespread death to pre-born human life.   Keep in mind that for the moment we’re looking only at the tip of the  iceberg.  We’ll look at the deeper level in a moment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;How does widespread contraception lead to declining birth rates?   Well if the life-giving potential of sex is pervasively removed from the  picture, a cultural mindset is gradually fostered in which children  themselves are pervasively removed from the picture.  They tend to be  viewed not as gifts but as liabilities, spoilers of a pleasurable  lifestyle.  We might have one or two, if that would be pleasurable to  us, but after that the norm is to reject them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;How does widespread contraception lead to widespread abortion?  I  credit Dr. Jennifer Roback Morse with summing up the motto of our  culture of sexual liberation this way, and keep in mind that our culture  of sexual liberation was made possible only by our culture of  contraception:  She says ours is a culture in which, “all adults are  entitled to unlimited sexual activity without a live baby resulting.”   I’ll say that again, “all adults are entitled to unlimited sexual  activity without a live baby resulting.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What Dr. Morse touches upon is our culture’s prevailing disconnection  between sex and babies.  Before contraception was king, the prevailing  assumption was that a baby was a natural consequence of sex.  If you  chose to engage in sex, you knew it could result in a baby.  You might  not have wanted that to happen, but you assumed that it could happen. If  a baby did result, it was because of your freely chosen action, and so  you were likely, not necessarily, but likely, to feel a certain kind of  responsibility toward that child.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The contraceptive revolution changed all that.  It led to the  prevailing assumption that babies really shouldn’t have anything to do  with sex.  That is, not unless you wanted a baby to have something to do  with sex, not unless you allowed that.  Or as Dr. Morse said, not  unless you’re into that kind of thing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Now couples who think this way do know that keeping a baby out of the  picture doesn’t just happen by itself; you have to do your part.  You  have to do something to the sexual act to make sure that a baby won’t be  conceived.  That’s what, quote unquote, taking responsibility for your  actions now means with respects to sexual activity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But if a couple has this kind of attitude, then when the  contraception fails, as it often does, and there’s a pregnancy, they’re  not going to tend to think the baby’s there because of their actions.   They’re going to tend to think the baby’s there in spite of their  actions.  In other words, their mindset is not so much that this is  their child that they conceived.  Rather, they’re going to tend to think  it’s an invader that they failed to repel. This kind of thinking is  likely to foster quite a different sense of what’s the responsible thing  to do next.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Now, I realize, we’re not talking about abortion, yet.  Not everyone  who smokes gets lung cancer, and not everyone who uses contraception  goes on to have an abortion when it fails.  What I’m saying, though, is  that contraception, by its very nature, and as a broad social  phenomenon, tends to incline the heart of a nation toward abortion.  As  John Paul II put it in Evangelium Vitae, Latin for the Gospel of Life,  the contraceptive mentality strengthens the temptation to abort.   Contraception and abortion are not the same thing, but as John Paul put  it, they are as closely connected as “fruits of the same tree.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Under the Iceberg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;We’ve looked at the tip of the iceberg.  I want to show you now a  deeper view of how widespread sterilized sex leads to both abortion and  divorce.  To do that, I need to show you first the way sex is supposed  to look like, the way it was made by God.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;When God created sex, he made it to serve two purposes or meanings:  #  1. to express the bond of marital love between a husband and a wife,  and #2. to create new human life.  And here’s a crucial point.  He also  made those two meanings or purposes to be intimately, organically bound  up in one another.  In other words, together the two form a whole, such  that anything a person might do to disrupt the organic union of those  two meanings would jeopardize the well-being of both.  The meaning of  marital love would be jeopardized, and so would the meaning of human  life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;How are these two meanings – marital love and openness to life –expressed together in the sexual act as it was made by God?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The pinnacle moment of sex, for both the husband and the wife, is the  moment of orgasm.  In that one moment, which ideally happens for them  at the same time, they experience together the most intense sensations  of physical pleasure and emotional connectedness.  By that act their  bodies express all the values of the union of love which holds them  together as husband and wife.  They are each saying to the other, with  the language of their bodies, “Oh my Gosh!  I love you and I want all of  you and I give all of myself to you!” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Meanwhile, consider what’s happening physiologically to heighten and  reinforce this sensation of union.  During orgasm, in both the man and  the woman, the hormone oxytocin floods into their bloodstreams.  Now  ordinarily it’s understood that this happens for the woman, but it also  happens for the man, at a lower level of intensity, but it still happens  for the man as well as for the woman.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Oxytocin is nicknamed the hormone of love because it is involved in  social recognition, bonding, and the formation of trust between people.   So orgasm is deeply wired to express and affirm a bond of love.  This  doesn’t mean that sex is actually always used in that way, but at a deep  organic level that is what it was made to do.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What about the life giving meaning?  Consider what happens with the  man’s and the woman’s reproductive organs.  For the husband, the moment  of orgasm is the moment in which he releases, into his wife’s body, not  just a fluid, but literally his seed, his genetic identity.  For him  then that act of orgasm simultaneously expresses not only his loving  union with her, but also any hope he has ever had or ever will have of  becoming a father with her.  Perhaps, in his mind, he may not actually  want to become a father with her by this particular act.  But, and this  is crucial, his body nevertheless craves to express openness to that  possibility.  In and through his body he is saying, “Oh my gosh!  I  could become a father with you!”  And even more, “Oh my gosh, my body is  actually trying to become a father with you!”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Meanwhile, for the wife, just as with her husband, the experience of  orgasm is also deeply connected to the possibility of creating a new  life.  For her, orgasm comes in the form of uterine contractions.  The  neck of her uterus literally dips down repeatedly toward the pool of her  husband’s semen, in a kind of lapping motion.  Please understand what’s  happening here.  Her body is not just launching into some kind of  non-directional ecstasy; it wants that seed!  It wants to help it reach  its goal!  So, just as with her husband’s act of ejaculation, in the  very act of her uterine contractions she is simultaneously expressing  not only the most intense feelings of union with her husband, but also  her own deepest bodily desires to become a mother by him.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Let me add another physiological fact about the woman’s body that  illustrates this deep wiring to reproduce.  For the man, sexual desire  for his wife is fairly constant from one day to the next.  Not so for  her.  As you may know, the days when she is likely to feel the most  intense sexual desires for her husband are those few fertile days of the  month when she is most likely to conceive.  In her mind, she may  actually want to conceive, or not, and she may actually be able to  conceive, or not.  But in a sense, none of that really matters.  What  matters is that her body in its own way, and her husband’s body in its  own way, are both deeply wired such that they are always trying to say  the following two things by way of sexual intercourse, and to say them  simultaneously: “I love you forever” and “I yearn to create new life  with you.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Now let’s look at what happens to this marvelously complex picture of  human sexuality when a couple purposefully thwarts the life-giving  meaning, and see how that can incline them toward both divorce and  abortion.  By the way, please don’t think in any of this that I’m  referring to couples who are infertile through no fault of their own.   The decisive factor is not sterility, but deliberate sterility.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;- Divorce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Let’s look at divorce first.  The bond that holds a married couple  together is made up of a variety of forces: moral, social, religious,  emotional, economic, and so forth.  As any one of those forces fades or  weakens, so too will the strength of the marriage bond also fade or  weaken.  Divorces likewise will increase.  One of these forces that  holds a married couple together is regular, meaningful sexual relations.   “Meaningful” is the key word here.  If for whatever reason their  sexual relations become less meaningful, or perhaps altogether  meaningless, then so too will their marital bond weaken.  So, if marital  sex, as a broad social phenomenon, is becoming less meaningful, then we  can expect that divorces will begin to multiply.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;This is indeed what has happened to the meaning of sex in our day.   By our nation’s pervasive removal of the life-giving meaning of sex, we  have made sex that much less meaningful.  Think of the millions of  couples who have contracepted themselves right up to the point where one  or both of them complains that their sex has become basically  meaningless.  God hard-wired that life-giving meaning into the core of  the sexual experience.  It was made to be a major part of the wow factor  of sex: the spark, the mystery of life itself.  So then we turn around  and do everything we can to cancel that meaning out?  Don’t we think  negative consequences might follow?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Please ponder the irony here.  The married couple who sterilizes  their sex imagines that by doing this they will enhance their  relationship.  You know, they get to have sex, when maybe they wouldn’t  have had it otherwise, and that will strengthen their relationship,  right?  Well it doesn’t work that way.  Yes, they might have an orgasm  together and that would probably feel pleasurable at a purely physical  level.  And it could also be an affectionate, tension-relieving moment  for them.  But what they’ve lost through doing this is the fullness of  the meaning of their sexual relations, and that is a huge loss.  However  much they might truly love one another, and want to express that love,  if they’ve done something to remove that “we could have a baby” meaning,  by doing that, they have diminished the meaning of the act as a whole.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;And it gets worse.  John Paul II pointed out that because of that  organic, symbiotic connection between the two meanings of sex, if a  couple takes away the life-giving meaning they are, by doing that, in  some mysterious way, also taking away the love-giving meaning.  In this  view, to sterilize sex is to completely rob it of meaning.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;A study just published in the Journal of Reproductive Medicine seems  to support this view (J Reprod Med 2007; 52:263-272).  The authors of  the 2007 study, entitled, “Effects of Tubal Ligation Among American  Women,” found that women who have had a tubal ligation were more likely  than women who have not had one to report two things:  #1. stress  interfering with sex, and #2 seeing a physician regarding sexual  problems.  In addition to their own findings the authors refer in their  article to past research which has shown, and I quote, “that women with a  tubal ligation have a tendency to report a kind of mutilated body  image.”  They conclude, and again I quote, “it is reasonable to ask  whether tubal ligation in some way disrupts the emotional bond between  the partners.”  In some way it disrupts the emotional bond.  What they  can’t quite identify, this “some way,” is that mysterious connection  between the life-giving meaning and the love-giving meaning.  To disrupt  the life-giving purpose or meaning is to disrupt the love-giving  meaning or purpose.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;And the tragedy, again, is that this is not at all what the couple  that gets sterilized desires.  Quite the contrary.  They do it because  they think it will enhance their emotional bond.  But like drinking salt  water to quench one’s thirst, engaging in sterilized sex will not  quench the human thirst for love.  Not only is the deep need not met, it  is worsened.  Our contraceptive culture has left us bloated with sex,  and dehydrated for love.  And thereby inclined toward divorce.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;- Abortion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Let’s look now at what distorting the sexual act means for abortion.   Recall how in the moment of orgasm, the man’s and the woman’s bodies  each in their own way convulse together in a shared effort to conceive a  new life.  I repeat what I said a moment ago: their bodies will try to  do this every time independent of either their intention or their  ability to actually conceive a new life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;In light of this fact, I think it’s beautiful to think about a couple  in their seventies making love.  She hasn’t ovulated in decades.   There’s no possibility of conceiving a new life.  And yet there are  their bodies, still doing that mysterious fertility dance together,  still striving, against all odds, to conceive a baby.  From the  beginning of their marriage all the way to its end, their love for one  another is somehow always mysteriously connected to creating new life  together.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But what does a young, fertile married couple do about this if it  really isn’t the right time for them to have a baby?  Well, if they want  to live in harmony with their bodies, they will wait for a naturally  infertile time.  When that time comes, their bodies will again come  together and do that fertility dance.  They will strain to conceive.   That’s very likely not going to actually happen, but it won’t be because  they have done anything to thwart the life-giving potential of their  own bodies.  This is a natural, holistic way of living with your  fertility.  You always treat it with reverence, awe, and gentleness.   You always receive it and work with it, even if this means having to  suffer occasionally.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Compare this approach with the far more popular alternative that  couples choose these days, which is not to work with the life-giving  mystery of their own bodies, but to work against it.  The gift of  fertility is not received, it is rejected.  It is not treated gently, it  is interfered with, or manipulated, or surgically mutilated. By  whatever method they choose, couples who sterilize their sex apply force  against themselves. It’s a kind of violence done to the human body, and  mind you, violence done to very special parts of the human body at the  very moment when they are eagerly trying to carry out a very sacred  function: to create new human life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Speaking of self-violence, guys, think for a moment what really  happens when you have a vasectomy.  Your testicles are still there, but  they’ve been sliced away from the act that they were created for.  Now  they’re just hanging there, inert, like the living dead – little  zombies.  By the way, if you have been sterilized, either by a vasectomy  or a tubal ligation, the procedure can be reversed.  You can return  those organs in exile to the land of the living.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;I’m not here to cast stones.  I’m just asking you to stand back and  think about what we’re actually doing with sterilized sex.  Regardless  of our motives, or our moral culpability, or whatever, we are engaging  in a kind of alienation and war with our own bodies.  And think about it  happening not just with one couple one time, but over and over again,  by millions of couples, year after year, to the point that this is now  the normal way our nation, and our Church, treats the mystery of life in  sex.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;So here’s the punch line:  Do you think that our nation’s common  pattern of rejecting our fertility might have a spill-over effect in how  we treat our surprise pregnancies?  Is it not reasonable that violence  regularly done against the life-giving potential of sex could lead  toward violence done against life itself?  Again, I’m not saying that  any given couple, like the Goodpeople’s, who sterilize their sexual  relations will necessarily themselves get an abortion or even think that  anyone else should ever get one.  What I am saying, though, is that any  couple who uses contraception needs to know that their acts of  sterilized sex are not isolated.  They fit into a broad cultural  pattern, and they contribute to that pattern.  And it’s the very same  cultural pattern that encourages abortion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What Does This Mean for Our Church?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;At the beginning of this talk I said I wanted to show you two things.   I’ve just tried to do the first, which is to show you that  contraception really is a big deal; that it’s at the root of our modern  day cultures of abortion and divorce.  Now I want to show you the  second, which is what our Church’s complicity with the contraceptive  mentality has done to us, and what we as a Church can do about it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;First, what do I mean by our Church’s complicity?  Poll after poll,  study after study, show that contraception is just as popular with us  Catholics as it is with the rest of the United States public.  And this  is not just the case for those who say they’re Catholic, but never go to  church.  It includes active members like Mr. &amp;amp; Mrs. Goodpeople,  people who attend Church regularly, who say their religion is very  important to them, and who otherwise hold orthodox views.  This was  shown again in a May 2007 study published by Marquette University  researchers, Ohlendorf and Fehring.  (“The Influence of Religiosity on  Contraceptive Use Among Roman Catholic Women in the United States,” The  Linacre Quarterly, May 2007, Volume 74, Number 2, pp. 135 – 144.)  In  fact, their study showed that regular, church-going Catholics are more  likely to get sterilized than Catholics who don’t go to church.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What has this done to us as a Church?  I found some insight from an  unusual source.  When I was preparing this talk, I was trying to come up  with words and images to describe a world with contraception, and a  world without contraception.  I turned to the 6th edition of the Roget’s  International Thesaurus, copyright 2001.  If you’re not familiar with  this book, it is, first of all, THE authority on the English language,  and, second of all, it’s a totally secular resource.  It has no  religious or moral agenda, good or bad.  It simply does what a thesaurus  is supposed to do: it groups words, as they are commonly understood,  into categories of similar words, and then contrasts those categories  with other categories.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The word contraception was grouped in a word category entitled  “Unproductiveness.”  Before I read some of the words and phrases from  that category, I want to read you some of the words and phrases from the  contrasting category right next to it entitled “Productiveness.”  Now  there are dozens of words in each of these categories, and I’m not going  to read all of them.  This is just a sampling to help create a picture  for you. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;First, under the category, Productiveness, are these words:   fruitfulness, fertility, fecundity, pregnancy, richness, lushness,  generousness, abundance, rich soil, compost, manure, swarming muck, land  flowing with milk and honey, hotbed, and here’s the kicker: teeming  loins.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Now contrast this picture with the words from the category,  Unproductiveness:  dryness, famine, sterility, contraception, barren  wasteland, lunar landscape, howling wilderness, ineffectual, drained,  childless, impotence, planned parenthood, dry womb, and finally:  withered loins.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;If it is indeed true that at any given time 85 percent of American  Catholic couples of childbearing age are either contracepting or  sterilized, then we have indeed become a Church of withered loins.  Is  this what we want to be?  Is this what the Mystical Body of Christ is  supposed to look like?  Or do we want to become again what we once were,  a Church of teeming loins?  Let’s compare the two.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;A Church of withered loins is a Church with little to say to the  sexually confused world around it.  If we, the devout church-goers,  can’t get it straight, or refuse to get it straight, about the God-given  connections between sex, love, marriage and babies, then God help the  rest of the world.  For example, take the growing normalization of  homosexuality.  There was an article by a gay activist that came out a  few years ago entitled, “We Are All Sodomites Now.”  He basically  argues, now that you heterosexuals have completely embraced your style  of sterile sex, then you’re hypocrites to question our gay style of  sterilized sex.  He gets a lot wrong in that article, but he sure has a  point there.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;A Church of withered loins likewise stutters when it tries to talk to  its own young people about chastity.  Millions of concerned parents  like Mr. and Mrs. Goodpeople know all about the sexual meat-grinder of a  world out there, and they dearly want to protect their children from  it.  But how will they be able to speak convincingly to their children  about how a young person can go happily without sex, maybe for years,  when they can’t go without it for even a few days a month?  Please don’t  get me wrong – we need abstinence education programs.  But until we,  the grown ups, can start walking the talk, then we’re pretty much just  wasting our time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;A Church of withered loins also produces only a trickle of priestly  and religious vocations.  Vocations do not spring forth from a vacuum.   They spring forth from lives, families, and parishes that are  characterized by hopefulness, generosity, self-sacrifice and  self-control.  Sterilized sex reinforces the exactly opposite values of  fearfulness, self-absorption, and self-indulgence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;What does a Church of teeming loins look like?  Well it has struggles  of its own.  It’s not an entirely pretty picture.  By the way, to help  make this point, I made sure to include words like swarming muck and  manure in the image of productiveness I painted a few minutes ago. But  unlike the struggles of a Church of withered loins, the struggles of the  Church of teeming loins are wholesome, natural, and, in the end,  redemptive.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;If you want to imagine what a Church of teeming loins looks like,  imagine an immigrant parish of a hundred years ago, or an Irish parish  of fifty years ago, or an African parish of today.  It’s a parish with  lots of babies: smiling babies, crying babies, soiled babies, drooling  babies, sniveling babies – all those liquids of life and all their  smells.  It’s a parish of large families, poor families, struggling  families, sacrificial families, families that help other families,  families that stick together no matter what, families that build  cathedrals.  And oh by the way, a parish of teeming loins is also a  parish with a teeming abundance of priestly and religious vocations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Encouragement to Married Couples&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;How can we become this kind of a Church again?  Let me offer some  encouragement now to all of you Mr. &amp;amp; Mrs. Goodpeople’s out there,  and then to all of you Fr. Friendly’s.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Mr. &amp;amp; Mrs. Goodpeople, I hope you know, that I know, that life  can be difficult and there really can be legitimate reasons for a  married couple to forestall having a child.  The Church is not saying  you need to have fifteen children to be good Catholics.  What I’m asking  you to do, though, on behalf of the Church, is to look at this  over-sexualized world around us, and consider how it has maybe  influenced some of the ways you view sex, fertility and babies.  Those  ways of the world, in many respects, are contrary not only to God’s plan  but to your own happiness.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Let me quickly add this, in case you’re thinking, well, Steve, we’re  pretty happy as we are with contraception, thank you very much.  First,  if you were to live your entire lives in a contraceptive mindset, you’d  never know what a great difference you might have seen without it.   Couples who make the switch regularly talk about the profound  improvements they’ve seen in their marriages, their faith lives, and in  their sexual lives.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Second, and this is even more important, what you think, or what I  think, or what anybody thinks, is going to make us happy is not the  bottom line when it comes to doing what God wants us to do.   Sometimes  he wants us to do things that might not feel so good, but we’ve got to  do them anyway.  Rejecting contraception is one of them.  It’s a bad  choice, but it’s not just a bad choice, like eating a Twinkie.   Objectively speaking, it can sever us from friendship with God.  Therefore, it is something we have to confess.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Maybe you’re still not convinced.  Maybe you’re thinking that you  don’t need the teachings of the Catholic Church to figure out what’s  pleasing to God.  Friends, please understand that this teaching and any  teaching of the Catholic Church is true not because the Church teaches  us that it’s true.  It’s the other way around.  The Church teaches it  because it is true.  So sure you can choose to disobey the Church’s  teaching on contraception, but that’s not going to make it untrue.  And  it’s also not going to mean that you won’t have to suffer the  consequences that will flow from your choice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The bottom line you need to keep in mind, though, as you ponder what  to do, is that this teaching of the Church is not given to us to spoil  our enjoyment of life.  It’s given to us so we might enjoy life to the  full.  So, yes, the Church lovingly invites us to treat God’s gifts of  sex, fertility and babies in a way very different from the easy way the  world says we should treat them.  But I say to you that that easy way of  the world, that way of contraception and sterilization, is the way that  leads to death.  Death to life. Death to love.  We can choose to follow  it, and we may stay married, and we may still look okay and feel okay,  but in the end the sin will still have its effect, one way or the other,  on our souls, on our marriages, on our church and on our country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Or you can choose the way of God taught by the Church, which means  choosing the way of life.  It would mean taking time to learn about the  natural cycles of your fertility.  It would mean never intentionally  doing anything to your bodies that would alter, mutilate, block or  otherwise mess up your fertility.  If there are times in your marriage  that you really do need to avoid getting pregnant, it would mean  abstaining from sex during the wife’s time of fertility, which is  usually around five to eight days every month.  No doubt, this can be  difficult, but you can do it, you really can!  And for making these  small sacrifices you would get to live your sexual lives and your  marriages in full harmony with the divine plan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Encouragement to Priests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;To our priests, and also to our bishops, I would respectfully offer  these thoughts.  From what I’ve observed, some married couples will  discover, on their own, without any guidance from you, the truth about  contraception and Natural Family Planning and make changes.  But I think  you know, as well as I do, that without your leadership in this area  not much is ever going to change.  Your influence is enormous.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;I gave a presentation once about NFP to some priests, and afterwards  one of them pulled me aside and said, referring to the laity, “Steve,  they’re just not buying it.”  And I said to him, Father, respectfully,  if they’re not buying it, it’s because you’re not buying it.  I know  this because I know priests who do buy it, who really do understand the  gravity of contraception, what’s really at stake, and who are able and  willing to talk to their people about it.  And they have seen their  people rise to the challenge and make the necessary changes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;These priests need not thunder down threats of hell.  They just  firmly and lovingly explain what human sexuality is about and what we do  to ourselves and our relationship to God when we use contraception.   Will some people still choose to contracept and get sterilized, no  matter how kindly and lovingly you speak?  Sure.  It happens with other  issues.  Will some leave the Church?  Maybe.  But, respectfully, Father,  that is not your problem.  That’s between them and the Holy Spirit.   Your job as the clergy is to preach to us the truth in love, the whole  truth.  Our job as the laity is to hear it.  When the seed falls on good  soil it will bear fruit a hundred-fold.  But the seed has to be sown  first.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;If you want to address this topic in your parish, but you don’t yet  feel equipped to deliver a full homily on it, consider using what Dr.  Janet Smith calls “drive-by orthodoxy.”  This is when you raise the  sinfulness of contraception indirectly when you’re addressing another  issue.  So, for example, in a homily on the sacrament of confession you  could include contraception and sterilization in a list of serious sins  for which a person should go to confession before receiving communion.   You could also bring in a priest to give a homily.  An organization  called NFP Outreach, nfpoutreach.org, has several priests on staff who  travel to parishes around the country giving missions on this subject.   They also have lots of other resources on their website to help you  educate yourself and your parishioners about this issue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Here are some other resources:  One More Soul, at omsoul.com, has  probably the largest variety of educational materials on NFP,  contraception, sterilization and sterilization reversal. Ascension  Press, which is at AscensionPress.com, also has a wide assortment of  resources on Theology of the Body, including many resources by  Christopher West.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Other things you can do.  Bring the issue up in confession.  I know  people who would have never even thought about confessing contraception  until a priest gently asked them about it in confession.  Always cover  the matter of birth control when you’re preparing a young couple for  marriage.  Give them materials to review and then go over it with them  afterwards.  Let them know not only that God expects them not to use  contraception, but that couples who use NFP have much happier marriages  on average and a divorce rate that’s a fraction of the general  population.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;You can also make your parish as baby friendly as possible.  At the  end of mass many priests will openly recognize those who are celebrating  a birthday or an anniversary.  You could also recognize anyone who has  just had a new baby or a new grandbaby.  There might be many Sundays  when there would be no response to that question, but that’s part of the  point, right?  Then when there is a new one lifted up, and she is  greeted by thundering applause, the point will really be made.  And give  special, positive recognition to couples who have made the heroic  decision to have a number of children.  Usually, if they get any  recognition at all, it’s negative, like, “So are you stopping now?”  Let  that never be the case with us, and, Father, you please lead the way.   It doesn’t mean you can’t be playful.  I just would love to hear a  priest say something like this at the end of mass, “How many is that for  you now, Ed &amp;amp; Ruth?  What’s your secret?  What kind of water are  you drinking?!  That’s wonderful!  God bless you from all of us.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;It’s also important, though, to go beyond mere words like these and  to recognize the very real financial and emotional challenges that many  couples face, challenges that might make it hard for them to welcome a  new child, or that might make it easy for them to succumb to the lure of  contraception or sterilization.  Just like it is with our fight against  abortion, our fight against contraception must be more than just trying  to persuade people not to do something.  We also need to respond  pastorally by helping to create home and parish environments where it is  easy and desirable for families to care for children and to welcome new  children.  So let’s identify the couples that need our help, and, yes,  let’s pray for them, but let’s also ask them what they really need, and  help them find it.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Final Words&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;In this talk I hope I’ve shown you that I love our Church.  It is  because of that love that I want us to be freed of what I can only  describe as our bondage to contraception.  For that to happen, we need  to change a lot of hearts and minds and that will only come by a lot of  prayer and a lot of work.  But if we will turn to the Lord about this  serious matter, with humble and contrite hearts, then he will renew us  and heal us and set us free.  New fountains of living water will well up  within us and flow out from us.  In time we will become what God made  us to be, and what the culture of death around us so desperately needs  us to be:  uncompromised witnesses to the sanctity of human life and  marital love.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Let me close now with these words of God, spoken through the prophet  Isaiah, which give us a picture of what our Church, newly freed from her  bondage, can become to the dry and withered land around us:  “See, I am  doing something new!  Now it springs forth, do you not perceive it?  In  the desert I make a way, in the wasteland, rivers. For I put water in  the desert and rivers in the wasteland for my chosen people to drink,  the people whom I formed for myself, that they might announce my  praise.”  Isaiah 43:18-21.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-4910722267660531484?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/4910722267660531484'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/4910722267660531484'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/why-contraception-matters-by-stephen.html' title='Why Contraception Matters - by Stephen Patton M.A., J.D.'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-1437115249918063889</id><published>2012-01-25T18:38:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-25T18:41:09.301Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ONU'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='United Nations'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Obama'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='U.S.'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='LGBT'/><title type='text'>Começa Revolta contra Agenda LGBT de Obama - Wendy Wright</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;NOVA IORQUE, EUA, 20 de janeiro (&lt;a href="http://www.c-fam.org/fridayfax/portuguese/volume-15/come%C3%A7a-revolta-contra-agenda-lgbt-de-obama.html"&gt;C-FAM&lt;/a&gt;) Cidadãos de vários países estão  fazendo resistência à expressa ordem de política externa pró-LGBT  (lésbicas, gays, bissexuais e transgêneros) do presidente Obama. Líderes  em El Salvador lançaram um site sobre “Obama Está Corrompendo a  Política Externa” e estão pedindo ao Senado dos EUA que rejeite a pessoa  nomeada para ser embaixadora em seu país.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;O presidente Obama &lt;a href="http://www.c-fam.org/fridayfax/volume-14/obama-elevates-lgbt-as-u.s.-foreign-policy-priority.html" target="_blank"&gt;anunciou em dezembro&lt;/a&gt;  que a promoção da conduta lésbica, gay, bissexual e transgênera (LGBT) é  política externa prioritária, até mesmo para inspetores militares dos  EUA. Ao mesmo tempo, a secretária de Estado Hillary Clinton deu um  discurso muito publicado na ONU igualando a condição LGBT com a  religião. O Departamento de Estado orientou os embaixadores no mundo  inteiro a reconhecerem um “mês de orgulho gay” e divulgou uma "&lt;a href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/12/178341.htm" target="_blank"&gt;lista de “realizações”&lt;/a&gt;,  inclusive o fato de que uma embaixadora dos EUA publicou um artigo de  jornal promovendo a agenda LGBT em favor dos Estados Unidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Mari Carmen Aponte, embaixadora temporária em El Salvador, publicou  um artigo igualando a desaprovação da homossexualidade à “hostilidade  brutal” e “agressão” por parte “daqueles que promovem ódio”. Os  salvadorenhos têm a “responsabilidade” de se tornarem promotores das  questões LGBT e “informarem nossos vizinhos e amigos sobre o que  significa ser lésbica, gay, bissexual ou transgênera”, escreveu ela. O  artigo dela saiu num grande jornal salvadorenho, provocando uma explosão  de protestos de cidadãos ofendidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Quase quarenta líderes de países latino-americanos repreenderam a  embaixadora. Numa declaração num jornal salvadorenho, eles acusaram a  representante dos EUA de “desprezar nossos profundos valores cristãos,  enraizados na lei natural” ao tentar “impor… uma nova visão de valores  estrangeiros e bizarros, completamente estranhos à nossa fibra moral,  tencionando disfarçar isso como ‘direitos humanos’” com “um ar de  superioridade”. A única coisa com que eles concordaram, declararam eles,  é que a violência tem de ser repudiada “exatamente como tem de ser  repudiada a violência contra os magros, os gordos, os altos ou os  baixos”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Os líderes enviaram também uma carta aos senadores dos EUA  protestando contra a nomeação de Aponte. Numa audiência do Congresso em  dezembro, o senador Jim DeMint leu a queixa deles e criticou a  “presunção de Aponte de achar que representa as opiniões de todos os  americanos” em seu artigo. “Gostaria, em nome dos Estados Unidos, de  pedir desculpas ao povo salvadorenho e reassegurá-los de que a maioria  dos americanos tem os mesmos valores deles”, disse DeMint.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Os salvadorenhos perceberam que a agressão veio de gente acima de Aponte e lançaram um site nesta semana desmascarando que “&lt;a href="http://valoressalvadorenos.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Obama Está Corrompendo as Políticas Externas&lt;/a&gt;”.  O site registra a campanha orquestrada por autoridades americanas para  promover a homossexualidade, e a contra-campanha feita por  latino-americanos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Washington Times&lt;/em&gt;, um grande jornal de Washington, DC,  publicou uma carta de líderes latino-americanos avisando que a promoção  agressiva de direitos homossexuais constitui “guerra contra a religião”.  O governo de Obama vem colocando pessoas de outros países “nas linhas  de frente”, disse a carta, e está “humilhando nossa cultura e insultando  nossos valores”. Os líderes escreveram: “Apoiamos os direitos humanos  legítimos de todos os nossos cidadãos. Não apoiamos ‘direitos  homossexuais’ inventados. Não apreciamos que uma embaixadora de outro  país venha e passe sermão em nós. Temos a intenção de defender nossos  valores morais e preservar nossas famílias”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;No Paquistão, a embaixada dos EUA realizou, em suas próprias  dependências, uma “celebração de orgulho” LGBT em junho que provocou  protestos em várias cidades. &lt;a href="http://cnsnews.com/news/article/pakistani-islamists-protest-us-embassy-s-gay-pride-event"&gt;O líder de um dos comícios disse&lt;/a&gt;:  “Os Estados Unidos estão desencadeando uma tempestade de valores  imorais” e “resistiremos a todo custo”. O embaixador dos EUA na Sérvia  promoveu uma parada de direitos homossexuais nesse país em outubro  passado que &lt;a href="http://www.rferl.org/content/In_Wake_Of_Riots_Belgrade_On_Edge_Ahead_Of_Clinton_Visit/2187419.html" target="_blank"&gt;levou a tumultos&lt;/a&gt; com um tom explicitamente antiocidental.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Tradução: Julio Severo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-1437115249918063889?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/1437115249918063889'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/1437115249918063889'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/comeca-revolta-contra-agenda-lgbt-de.html' title='Começa Revolta contra Agenda LGBT de Obama - Wendy Wright'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-4461512733165105504</id><published>2012-01-25T12:00:00.004Z</published><updated>2012-01-25T12:05:19.978Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Liberdade religiosa'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Homossexualidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Casamento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Família'/><title type='text'>The new outlaws: how same-sex marriage suffocates freedom - by Bryce J. Christensen</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/the_new_outlaws_how_same_sex_marriage_suffocates_freedom"&gt;MercatorNet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Those advocating the radical social innovation, which they label  “same-sex or gay marriage,” typically claim that they are fighting for  freedom, championing a basic liberty. “Freedom to Marry” is indeed the  name of a national organization devoted to the advocacy of same-sex  marriage. Established in 2003 by civil-rights advocate Evan Wolfson and  headquartered in New York City, this group takes “We All Deserve the  Freedom to Marry” as its slogan. So effective has it promulgated this  perspective that even former First Lady Laura Bush endorsed homosexuals’  right to marry as a matter of basic freedom when she appeared on the &lt;em&gt;Larry King Show&lt;/em&gt; in May 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But those who advocate homosexual marriage as a way of enlarging the  American sphere of liberty are profoundly—and  deceptively—misrepresenting their aims. Their real aim came to light in  the public controversy over remarks attributed to Queen Sophia of Spain  in criticizing her country’s invention in 2005 of a homosexual right to  “marry.” “If those people [homosexuals] want to live together,”  commented the Spanish monarch, “dress up as bride and groom and get  married they can do so, but that should not be called marriage because  it is not.” Widely reported by the media, the furor over these remarks  forced representatives of the Queen to issue a statement claiming that  the published remarks “do not exactly match the opinions expressed by  Her Majesty the Queen” and apologizing for the “ill-feeling and upset”  her comments had caused. The pressures compelling this semi-retraction  and apology prompted one media commentator to ponder the “interesting  question” of whether on the issue of homosexual marriage, the Queen  still had “the right... to express her opinion like any other citizen.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;This commentator had glimpsed the fundamental aim of those advocating  homosexual marriage: it is not at all about giving homosexuals a new  freedom to participate in ceremonies that they regard as weddings. It is  entirely about denying freedom of public speech to anyone who would  criticize such ceremonies or the sexual behaviors such ceremonies  legitimize. The muzzle that homosexual activists tried (largely  successfully) to put on an outspoken monarch represents only the  beginning. Homosexual activists in this country deeply desire to place  first thousands, and then millions, of even tighter muzzles on all who  disagree with them about the nature of homosexual behavior. They well  understand that enactment of laws authorizing homosexual marriage will  give them sweeping powers to bind those muzzles very tightly on their  fellow citizens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;In this environment, attempts to legalize same-sex marriage are &lt;em&gt;not &lt;/em&gt;chiefly about enlarging homosexual couples’ freedom: they are free now in every state of the union to &lt;em&gt;say &lt;/em&gt;that they are married. They can &lt;em&gt;claim &lt;/em&gt;anything  they want about their “unions”: they can affirm that those  relationships are life affirming and emancipatory; they can even assert  that their partnerships are actually superior to natural sexual unions  traditionally called marriages. In almost all states, Americans are also  still perfectly free to reject such claims and to voice their rejection  as forcefully as Queen Sofia did—before being cowed by activists and  media commen-tators wielding Spain’s homosexual-marriage law as a  cudgel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Homosexual activists may plausibly assert that they were advancing  the cause of freedom when opposing anti-sodomy laws, even if many  Americans view the freedom advanced as morally and even medically  problematic. However, when these same activists claim that they are  still advancing the cause of freedom in advocating laws that grant  same-sex unions the status of marriage, their arguments quickly lose all  plausibility. For those trying to enshrine the notion of same-sex  “marriage” in law are not primarily trying to enlarge the freedom of  homosexuals; they are primarily striving to diminish the freedom of  skeptics who would deny that the union of homosexuals is—or can ever  be—a legitimate marriage. The aim of those trying to inscribe the  novelty of homosexual marriage in law is actually that of making an  outlaw out of anyone who would question the moral substance of this new  social construct and the sexual behaviors it legitimates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Americans with little invested in the issue may suppose that their  freedom to oppose homosexuality is secure in the wake of the 2011  Supreme Court ruling in &lt;em&gt;Snyder &lt;/em&gt;v. &lt;em&gt;Phelps &lt;/em&gt;that  opponents of homosexuality can legally express their views through  funeral protests. But the freedom the Court upheld in the &lt;em&gt;Snyder &lt;/em&gt;case  is actually very marginal. It is the freedom of a self-discrediting  sideshow, a freedom that matters only to a radical fringe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;More important, but now deeply imperiled, is precisely the kind of  freedom that Queen Sophia briefly tried to exercise in publicly  resisting the notion of homosexual marriage and the behaviors it  represents. This is the freedom of individuals in positions of public  trust to voice their opposition to homosexual behavior. It is this  freedom that homosexual advocates hope to make disappear through  enactment of homosexual marriage. Enshrining this radically innovative  construct in law will not so much enlarge the sphere of freedom for  homosexuals as it will shrink the sphere of freedom—in the workplace,  legislative chamber, classroom, mainstream media, civic and student  club, and marketplace—for those who in any way find homosexual behavior  wanting. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anti-Anti-Homosexual Bullying&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The ex-nihilo creation of homosexual marriage as a legal notion  serves, above all, to give coercive power to those Justice Antonin  Scalia has identified as “homosexual activists . . . [intent on]  eliminating the moral opprobrium that has traditionally attached to  homosexual conduct.” The success of these activists, as Scalia notes,  has helped foster an “anti-anti-homosexual culture.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#1"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Some  Americans may wonder how a private sexual behavior became the basis for  an unassailable public identity guaran-teeing coercive state protection  from critics. However, those who have created the “anti-anti-homosexual  culture” understand well how they can use the notion of homosexual  marriage to silence their opponents and to drive them from the public  square. With good reason, syndicated columnist John Leo has complained  that in recent homosexual activism, “a line is being crossed”: “The  traditional civic virtue of tolerance (if gays want to live together,  it’s their own business) has been replaced with a new ethic&lt;em&gt;requiring&lt;/em&gt; approval and endorsement” (emphasis added).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Homosexual activists know that if they enshrine same-sex  relationships in the legal category of marriage, they will find it far  easier to impose this new requirement for approval and endorsement on  other Americans. As homosexual activists and their allies press this new  requirement, Americans who resist the normalizing of homosexuality are  seeing their freedom shrink. Indeed, when homosexual activists claim the  “freedom” of same-sex couples to marry, we see yet another instance of  what cultural historian Robert Nisbet has labeled “the ingenious  camouflaging of power with the rhetoric of freedom.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#2"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Americans have seen more than a few instances in which  anti-anti-homosexual power has flexed its muscles in suppressing the  freedom of those who dare resist their agenda for normalizing homosexual  behavior. That power was manifest in March 2011 when homosexual  activists successfully pressured Apple to withdraw from its iTunes store  an app developed by an evangelical Christian group that works with  individuals trying to overcome homosexual impulses. That power was  manifest again a month later when the prominent law firm King &amp;amp;  Spalding announced that, despite its previous commitment to doing so, it  would not defend the constitutionality of the federal Defense of  Marriage Act, which acknowledges marriage as the union of a man and a  woman. But Americans have perhaps seen homosexuals’ power most often and  most nakedly in the one institution that is supposed to provide a free  and open forum for all points of view: the university.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;A prime case of how the university suppresses any resistance to  homosexual behavior is that of University of Illinois professor Ken  Howell. Howell was dismissed for informing students enrolled in a class  on &lt;em&gt;Modern Catholic Thought &lt;/em&gt;that “the Catholic Church holds that  homosexual acts are immoral” and further suggesting that homosexual  acts violate the natural moral law, though he freely allowed that there  are other viewpoints. Though the outcry at the dismissal of this very  popular professor ultimately proved sufficient to force the university  to reverse itself, the university administration capitulated only  reluctantly and without any public acknowledgement that it had violated  Howells’ academic freedom.&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#3"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;In other episodes of anti-anti-homosexual zealotry, university  officials show no signs of backing off. In 2008, a biology professor at  San Jose City College was dismissed for indicating—in answer to a  student’s question about how heredity affects sexual orientation—that  environment might be a cause of homosexuality. In 2010, Hasting College  of Law denied official recognition and funding to the Christian Legal  Society as a student organization (the first time it had ever denied a  student organization recognition) because the group required officers  (not its members) to affirm Christian sexual ethics, including the  scriptural proscription against homosexuality. In 2009, a student was  expelled from a counseling program at Eastern Michigan State University  for refusing to affirm that homosexual behavior is normal and  acceptable. In 2005, a student in a counseling program at Missouri State  University found that the university had filed a grievance against her  for refusing to fulfill a class assignment requiring her to write a  letter to the state legislature advocating the legalization of  homosexual adoption. And in 2011, a counseling student who dared to  voice her opinion in class that homosexual acts are immoral learned that  Augusta State University would not let her continue her academic  program unless she successfully completed diversity-sensitivity  training. The list goes on, with reports of similar anti-anti-homosexual  bullying at Washington State University, Georgia Tech University, and  the Ohio State University. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Academy as Surrogate State Church&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Perhaps no one should be surprised that university administrators and  professors have increasingly become thought police on the issue of  homosexuality. In a 2007 survey of professors at 927 American  institutions of higher education, sociologists Neil Gross and Solon  Simmons from Harvard and George Mason Universities, respectively, found  that liberals dominate the campus world: 44.1 percent of survey  respondents characterized themselves as either “liberal” or “very  liberal,” compared to only 9.2 percent who described themselves as  “conservative” or “very conservative.” Even these numbers fail to fully  reflect the “very liberal attitudes toward sex” which pervade the  university: the Harvard and George Mason scholars report that about 70  percent [68.7 percent of the professors surveyed] think that  homosexuality “is not wrong at all.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#4"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The freedom of students and professors who oppose homosexuality can  survive in such an environment only if professors are deeply committed  to maintaining a campus neutrality that fosters free exchange of all  viewpoints. Unfortunately, when Harvard scholar Louis Menand analyzes  the Gross and Solon data, he sees evidence that “neutrality, or  disinterestedness,” is declining as a university standard because there  is now apparently “less aversion to weighing political views in  evaluating merit than would have been the case thirty or forty years  ago.” In fact, though not a conservative, Menand concedes that the Gross  and Solon study provides “data . . . useful to anyone claiming that  colleges and universities discriminate against people with conservative  views.” Menand goes so far as to raise the question of whether “holding  liberal views has become a tacit requirement for entry and promotion in  the academic profession.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#5"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; In  an academic world such as this, it is entirely predictable that top  university professors of law openly argue—in direct riposte to Scalia’s  complaint against judicial endorsement of the homosexual agenda—in favor  of measures aimed at “eliminating the moral opprobrium that has  traditionally attached to homosexual conduct.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#6"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Only the complete hegemony of anti-anti-homosexual dogma within the  university renders comprehensible the blog comment recently posted by  Stanford student Gregory Hirshman. Hirshman asserts that in an academic  world governed by a “strict, if informal, rule against speaking  negatively of homosexuality,” it now requires “more strength and  conviction on the Stanford campus to come out as an outspoken  conservative than as a homosexual.” The strict enforcement of the  academic orthodoxy on homosexuality also harmonizes with critic and  former University of Maryland professor George A. Panichas, who reports  that in the university world “opponents of liberal ideas are  increasingly treated as outlaws.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#7"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Just how much the outlaw status of those who oppose homosexuality on  the university campus should matter to the broader American community is  clarified by the prominent philosopher Richard Rorty’s assertion, “The  university has replaced the church as the center of morality.” This  assertion, of course, would strike millions of church-going Americans as  patently untrue, even bizarre. However, for the cultural, political,  and judicial elite who shape much of national life, it is all too true:  the university has become the new surrogate church, laying down the  moral imperatives guiding judges, policymakers, executives, and media  moguls. The outlaws who oppose homosexuality will find no right of  sanctuary in this church. Far otherwise. They will find that that new  church regards them not only as outlaws but also as dangerous heretics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Outlaw-heretics have reason to fear inquisitorial persecution from  the priests in the surrogate church, one of whom has candidly admitted  that he and his anti-anti-homosexual colleagues are “sometimes  self-righteous . . . and sometimes too dismissive or snotty toward those  who disagree with us.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#8"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; At  a minimum, outlaw-heretics have reason to fear that the new priests—for  all their professed commitment to freedom for all—will actually lock  them out of the democratic process. It is this real abridgment of  political liberties that legal scholar Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr. has in  view in his analysis of how “religious minorities” face discrimination:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;To the extent that religious minorities position themselves in  opposition to progressive understandings on issues of race, gender and  sexual orientation, they increasingly face the prospect of being  silenced by government officials who have come to embrace the  progressives’ value structure.&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#9"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Many of America’s religiously devout citizens would strenuously  object to Krotoszynski’s characterization of them as “minorities,”  pointing to survey data showing that most Americans profess a belief in  Christianity (and the Bible, which condemns homosexual acts as  incompatible with a knowledge of God [cf. Rom. 1:18-28]). According to  the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, 78.4 percent of all adult  Americans are Christian, with more than half of adult Americans  affiliated with a Protestant denomination and almost one quarter of  adult Americans belonging to the Roman Catholic Church.&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#10"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Those  Americans can also point to election results on ballot initiatives in  thirty-one states across the country defining marriage in ways consonant  with religious belief, but not in alignment with the progressive  homosexual-affirming agenda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Diminishing Political and Religious Liberty&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But the fact that silenced and marginalized church-goers actually  constitute a majority only makes the process by which they are denied  their full democratic liberties all the more insidious. For those in  doubt as to how this process works, California has provided a prime  illustration: through a costly and bruising electoral fight, defenders  of natural marriage passed a measure (Proposition 8) acknowledging  marriage as the union of man and woman—only to have a single unelected  federal judge, Vaughan Walker, strike down the voter-approved measure  because he, a “now-outed” homosexual, disapproved of the moral and  religious impulses of those who championed it! In this fashion, a  progressive anti-anti-homosexual elite dramatically diminishes the  political liberties of those who wish to affirm an understanding of  marriage consistent with reality as affirmed by nature, history,  biology, reason, as well as religion. It is this kind of assault on  religious liberty that legal scholar Matthew J. Franck has in view when  he remarks, “The freedom to participate fully in civic life, to offer  oneself to others in civil society, conscientiously on one’s own terms  as a religious person professing one’s beliefs, may be jeopardized by  this new dispensation.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#11"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;It is precisely that liberty-denying process that elite activists are  trying to advance through the legal notion of same-sex marriage. For  outlaws, enforcement of the law can mean only punishment—usually loss of  freedom. That contraction of freedom is exactly what those advocating  same-sex marriage seek: they want to lock those who oppose homosexuality  into as small a box as possible. Just how terribly small that box can  be is illustrated by the case of the fertility specialist in California  who in 2001 declined to artificially inseminate a lesbian, though he  referred that woman to a colleague who would perform that service for  her. When the doctor, who happened to also be a devout Christian, later  lost a discrimination suit filed by the offended lesbian woman, he found  no relief upon appeal to the California Supreme Court, which  found—unanimously—that this doctor’s religious convictions did not  afford him even the very, very minimal freedom of declining to perform a  medical procedure that violated his convictions!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The same kind of liberty-abridging legal logic worked against the  religious convictions of a New Mexico photographer who in 2006 declined  to take pictures of a same-sex couple’s “commitment ceremony” because of  her religious objections to homosexuality, only to find herself fined  $6000 by the state Human Rights Commission for having discriminated  against the couple. Predictably enough, this logic now works to  constrain the consciences of chaplains in the new gay-friendly military  that Obama and his allies have created: credible reports now indicate  that military chaplains must &lt;em&gt;“&lt;/em&gt;embrace the new openly homosexual  military, resign from service, or face court-martial for their  ‘religious, conscience’ objections.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#12"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; All  these assaults on religious liberty have occurred in jurisdictions  without the legal innovation of same-sex marriage. That the enactment of  same-sex marriage multiplies such assaults is evident in the way that  justices of the peace in Massachusetts have been forced to resign if  they decline, on moral or religious grounds, to perform homosexual  weddings. Similar legal coercion compelled Catholic Social Services to  suspend its handling of adoptions in the Bay State because of its  refusal to violate its religious principles by placing children with  homosexual couples.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;This disturbing pattern of hostility to religious freedom should  leave little doubt as to the consequences of broader enactment of  homosexual marriage: it can only mean fewer freedoms for men and women  of religious conviction. “Both freedom and the desire for freedom,”  Nisbet sagely remarks, “are nourished within the realization of  spiritual privacy and among privileges of personal decision.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#13"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; But  it is precisely personal decision—in expression and in conduct—which  homosexual activists wish to eradicate, whenever such decisions draw  inspiration from religious or moral principles at odds with homosexual  emancipation. In this context, Franck warns, “We are in danger of  telling many millions of our fellow citizens that they may not act as  their conscience guides them in exercising the fundamental right of self  government.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#14"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; As  the fertility specialist in California, the photographer in New Mexico,  the justices of the peace in Massachusetts could all testify, when  anti-anti-homosexual principles triumph, Americans asked to engage in  acts that would violate their conscience by implying acceptance or  endorsement of homosexual acts cannot even respond with that precious  shred of self-preserving liberty that Herman Melville’s Bartleby the  Scrivener claims with the simple words, “I prefer not to.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#15"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Individual freedom seemed to be uppermost in the minds of the High  Court justices who struck down Texas’s anti-sodomy law. In justifying  their decision, Anthony Kennedy invoked a concern for “the liberty of  all,” and then elaborated in elevated language: “Liberty presumes an  autonomy of self that includes freedom of thought, belief, expression,  and certain intimate conduct. The instant case involves liberty of the  person both in its spatial and more transcendent dimensions.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#16"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; But  Americans may increasingly wonder why this spatial and transcendent  liberty and autonomy of self do not extend to those Americans who want  to distance themselves from homosexual acts, to stand apart, as it were,  from those who engage in such acts. Why is that autonomy of self, that  transcendent dimension of liberty, not protected by law or court  proceedings?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dubious Claims of Homosexual Activists&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Make no mistake: homosexual activists do, in fact, know that  advancing their agenda means reducing the liberty of Americans. They  hide that reality behind rhetoric of freedom, just as they hide their  exclusion of religious Americans from the public square behind rhetoric  of inclusion, and their extirpation of every deviation from the approved  attitude toward homosexuality behind the rhetoric of diversity. But at  bottom, these activists know that they are denying their fellow  Americans a sizable measure of freedom. They justify this denial in two  ways, both dubious.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;First, advocates of gay rights—including the right to marry—manifest a  surprising eagerness to believe a “genetic basis of homosexuality,”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#17"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; despite clear scientific refutation of the very notion of “a gay gene.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#18"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Apparently,  homosexual activists follow this line of logic: since genes have made  homosexuals “what they are,” they are not free to be otherwise. Since  homosexuals are not free to be otherwise, the government is justified in  denying liberty of those who would discriminate against them. This  surrender to genetic determinism is stunning, especially coming from a  segment of the political spectrum known for its resistance to genetic  determinism in other contexts, such as those involving questions of  racial or gender characteristics.&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#19"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Apparently,  homosexual activists do not want anyone to notice that all the  arguments that their political allies have made against the decidedly  illiberal and dehumanizing logic of genetic determinism in other  contexts tell against their reliance upon genetic determinism in  advocating restrictions on the liberty of those who would criticize  homosexual conduct.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The second justification for restricting the freedoms of those who  oppose homosexuality is that of asserting that this freedom has no  content except that of hatred and bigotry, or that this freedom amounts  to nothing but the equivalent of racism. So those who deny this freedom  are not denying a freedom that has any real substance anyway. This line  of justification will not bear scrutiny. In the first place, surveys  reveal that, as a group, African Americans—who should be the very first  to recognize a fundamental kinship between racial bias and resistance to  homosexuality—are actually more resistant to homosexuality than are  whites,&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#20"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;20&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; while  polling data indicate that African Americans support measures such as  California’s Proposition 8 significantly more than whites.&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#21"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;21&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;But further weaknesses emerge in the argument that opposition to  homosexuality amounts to nothing but bigotry and hatred and that  therefore denying Americans the freedom to oppose homosexuality does not  constitute a serious infringement of their liberty. The long list of  those who have expressed opposition to homosexuality has included some  intelligent and gifted individuals. With his brilliant poetic  masterpiece &lt;em&gt;The Divine Comedy &lt;/em&gt;culminating in a vision of “the  Love that moves the Sun and the other stars” (33. 146, Ciardi  translation), Dante seems like something other than a hate-filled bigot.  Yet he opposed homosexuality, placing homosexuals in the Seventh Circle  of the Hell he depicts in his &lt;em&gt;Inferno&lt;/em&gt;. As one of the  architects of quantum physics, Edwin Schrödinger would seem to be more  than a dull conformist. Yet he lamented the increasing ubiquity of  homosexuality in higher education.&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#22"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;22&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; As  a brilliant opponent of “all the smelly little orthodoxies” of the  twentieth century, George Orwell would not normally be classed as an  unthinking exponent of bias. Yet he opposed homosexuality, and as a  twenty-first-century critic has remarked, “Orwell’s anti-homosexual  position (definitely not ‘homophobia,’ which would suggest irrational  fear) flowed naturally from beliefs and values about which he was quite  forthcoming.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#23"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Surprisingly, even the homosexual poet W. H. Auden—famous both for  his insistent honesty and his astonishing prosodic talents—said some  very negative things about homosexuality. “I’ve come to the conclusion  that it’s wrong to be queer,” Auden said. “In the first place, all  homosexual acts are acts of envy. In the second, the more you’re  involved with someone, the more trouble arises, and affection shouldn’t  result in that. It shows something’s wrong somewhere.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#24"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; And  then there is Stephen Spender, another great twentieth-century British  poet who was homosexual as a young man, but who, after renouncing  homosexuality went on to marry two women (not at the same time!).  Spender said, “I find the actual sex act with women more satisfactory  [than the sex act with men] . . . To me it is much more of an  experience.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#25"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;25&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Opposition to homosexuality took a more intriguing form in the life  of the great German novelist Thomas Mann, who felt the pull of  homoerotic impulses (as any reader of &lt;em&gt;Death in Venice &lt;/em&gt;will  recognize). For religious reasons, Mann chose not to act on those  impulses and to live a life of abstinence. As Mann’s biographer  explains, for Mann, “Homosexual courtship . . . is from the Devil,”  while “His chastity is love for the purity of God” &lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#26"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;26&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When Law and Morality Collide&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Americans have every reason to ask what is left of an intellectual  freedom that does not include the freedom to examine and to affirm the  views expressed by great poets and novelists. They may also wonder about  the authenticity of an intellectual freedom that does not allow full  and frank discussion of research limning a troubling pattern of  co-morbidity linking homosexuality to a wide array of both psychological&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#27"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;27&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; and physical illnesses.&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#28"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;28&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Nor  would a genuine intellectual freedom prohibit candid public discussion  of the remarkable promiscuity that researchers have documented within  the homosexual population.&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#29"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;29&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Of course, for most Americans opposed to homosexuality, the freedom  that matters most is not the freedom to endorse the views of Dante or  Auden, Orwell or Mann. Nor is it the freedom to probe the latest  research in homosexual epidemiology or sexual conduct. The freedom that  matters most—and the freedom most imperiled by the legal definition of a  homosexual liaison as a marriage—is the freedom to affirm a religiously  grounded sexual morality. Religiously committed Americans regard this  as a very important freedom indeed. As Franck has explained, “For the  religious person who holds a traditional view of sexual morality, the  holding of that view is not accidentally related to his religious faith.  It is inseparable from it.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#30"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;30&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Consequently, it can only gall these Americans when homosexual  activists use the law—particularly in the radical redefinition of the  marital law—to deny them the freedom to express and to act on their  convictions about sexual ethics. No doubt, homosexual activists expect  everyone to accept the legal redefinition of marriage they are  promoting. But they forget how many Americans recognize a divine law  transcending and standing above merely human law. As Aquinas observed,  “Human laws are either just or unjust. If they are just, they have the  power to bind our conscience because of the eternal law from which they  are derived.” But, quoting Augustine’s assertion that “an unjust law  does not seem to be a law at all,” Aquinas reasons that unjust laws “do  not bind the conscience.” In fact, Aquinas goes so far as to assert that  if laws are unjust because they are “opposed to the divine good,” then  “such laws must never be observed, because ‘one must obey God rather  than men’ (Acts 5:29).”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#31"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;31&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Even Americans who do not draw their legal philosophy from Aquinas  should recognize that when the law sets itself in opposition to the  moral convictions held by a great many citizens, it puts those citizens  in a difficult and painful circumstance. That circumstance is well  described by legal theorist Frederick Bastiat: “When law and morality  contradict each other, the citizen has the cruel alternative of either  losing his moral sense or losing his respect for the law.”&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#32"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Disrespect  for the law may become particularly intense among parents who see the  law using tax revenues to pay for “gay-friendly curricular materials” in  public schools increasingly hostile to the sexual ethics they want to  instill in their children.&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#33"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Since survey sociologists have recently established that America’s  religiously devout citizens are the nation’s most generous, selfless,  honest, civic-minded, and community-spirited,&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#34"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; the  nation’s cultural and legal elite may want to pause before using  homosexual marriage as a legal weapon for limiting the religious  freedoms of those citizens. Do they really want to undermine respect for  the law among tens of millions of Americans? Do they really want to  imbue in Americans who are, by nature, selfless, civic-minded and  community-spirited a new feeling of alienation from and resentment  toward their government?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Of course, millions of Americans who oppose homosexual acts for  religious reasons will not want to simply wait while the elite decide  what restrictions to impose on their liberties. They will want to  vigorously protest every incursion upon those liberties, and they will  want to lend their full support to lawmakers sympathetic to their  concerns. Americans with a mature religious faith will understand the  need to avoid hateful or spiteful references toward homosexuals. They  will indeed recognize that their witness for truth will be most  effective when it is expressed with empathy and compassion, including  especially a merciful compassion for those who are suffering from AIDS  or other diseases often found among homosexuals. But devout Americans  can express genuine love for homosexuals without accepting or endorsing  their sexual behavior. An authentic faith indeed requires both firm  opposition to homosexual acts and unfailing love for those who commit  such acts.&lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14#35"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;35&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Americans motivated by religious faith will be zealous to protect the  liberty to express and to act on that faith. That will mean vigorously  opposing same-sex marriage whenever possible. Where such opposition  appears—at least in the short run—futile (as in Massachusetts, Iowa, New  York, and Washington, D.C.), perhaps it is time for sympathetic  law-makers to start enacting “conscience clause” protections—comparable  to those that protect medical professionals from being compelled to  perform abortions—for justices of the peace, fertility doctors, wedding  caterers and photographers, and others who will find themselves forced  to choose between their careers and their convictions. If they cannot  prevent the enactment (often by judicial fiat) of same-sex marriage  laws, lawmakers should at least be able to give an opt-out to citizens  who object to homosexuality for religious reasons. Bartleby would  understand.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dr. Christensen teaches composition and literature at Southern  Utah University. This article has been republished with permission from &lt;a href="http://www.familyinamerica.org/index.php?doc_id=32&amp;amp;cat_id=14"&gt;The Family in America&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Notes&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ol style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span class="footnote"&gt;ntonin Scalia, with William Rehnquist and Clarence Thomas, dissenting, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em class="footnote"&gt;John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner &lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="footnote"&gt;v. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em class="footnote"&gt;Texas&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="footnote"&gt;, June 26, 2003.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span class="footnote"&gt;Robert Nisbet, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em class="footnote"&gt;The Quest for Community: A Study in the Ethics of Order &amp;amp; Freedom &lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="footnote"&gt;(1953; rpt. San Francisco: ICS Press, 1990), p. 141.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cf. Meghan Duke, “Fired, In a Crowded Theater,” &lt;em&gt;First Things, &lt;/em&gt;October 2010, pp. 24–29.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Neil Gross and Solon Simmons, “The Social and Political Views of American Professors,” Working Paper, September 24, 2007, &lt;a href="http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/%7Engross/lounsbery_9-25.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~ngross/lounsbery_9-25.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Louis Menand, &lt;em&gt;The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University &lt;/em&gt;(New York: W. W. Norton, 2009), pp. 139–40.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Naomi Cahn and June Carbone, &lt;em&gt;Red Families v. Blue Families: Legal Polarization and the Creation of Culture &lt;/em&gt;(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 164.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;George A. Panichas, &lt;em&gt;Growing Wings to Overcome Gravity: Criticism as the Pursuit of Virtue &lt;/em&gt;(Macon: Mercer University Press, 1999), p. 37.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Michael Bérubé, &lt;em&gt;What’s Liberal About the Liberal Arts? Classroom Politics and ‘Bias’ in Higher Education &lt;/em&gt;(New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), p. 287.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Ronald  J. Krotoszynski Jr., “Dissent, Free Speech, and the Continuing Search  for the ‘Central Meaning’ of the First Amendment,” review of &lt;em&gt;The Dissent of the Governed: A Meditation on Law, Religion, and Loyalty, &lt;/em&gt;by Stephen L. Carter, and &lt;em&gt;Dissent, Injustice, and the Meanings of America&lt;/em&gt; by Steven H. Shiffrin, &lt;em&gt;Michigan Law Review &lt;/em&gt;98.6 (2000): 1673.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;“Religious Affiliation: Summary of Key Findings,” &lt;em&gt;U.S. Religious Landscape Survey&lt;/em&gt; (Pew Forum on Religion &amp;amp; Public Life, 2010), &lt;a href="http://religions.pewforum.org/reports" target="_blank"&gt;http://religions.pewforum.org/reports&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Matthew J. Franck, “Religion, Reason, and Same-Sex Marriage,” &lt;em&gt;First Things, &lt;/em&gt;May 2011, p. 51.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;“Army: Court-Martial Chaplains for ‘Religious,  Conscience’ Objection to Homosexuality,” Catholic Citizens of Illinois,  March 24, 2011, &lt;a href="http://catholiccitizens.org/press/pressview.asp?c=52791" target="_blank"&gt;http://catholiccitizens.org/press/pressview.asp?c=52791&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Nisbet, &lt;em&gt;The Quest for Community&lt;/em&gt;, p. 220.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Francky, “Religion, Reason, and Same-Sex Marriage,” p. 50.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Herman Melville, “Bartleby the Scrivener” (1853), &lt;em&gt;American Literature: The Makers and the Making,&lt;/em&gt;ed. Cleanth Brooks, R. W. B. Lewis, and Robert Penn Warren (New York: St. Martin’s, 1973), 1:842–59.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Anthony Kennedy, with John Paul Stevens, David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg,&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;and&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;Stephen Breyer, John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner v. Texas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cahn and Carbone, &lt;em&gt;Red Families v. Blue Families,&lt;/em&gt; pp. 65 and 226, 22n.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cf. Ian Stewart, &lt;em&gt;The Mathematics of Life &lt;/em&gt;(New York: Basic, 2011), pp. 118–19.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cf.  Leonard A. Cole, review of Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and  Human Nature by R. C. Lewontin, Leon J. Kamin, and Steven Rose, Politics  and the Life Sciences 4.2 (1986): 200–201.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cf. Gregory B. Lewis, “Black-White Differences in  Attitudes toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights,” The Public Opinion  Quarterly 67.1 (2003): 59–78.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cf. Patrick J. Egan and Kenneth Sherrill,  “California’s Proposition 8 and America’s Racial and Ethnic Divides on  Same‐Sex Marriage.”&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;Working Paper, January 2010,&lt;a href="http://as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/4819/marriagedivides.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;http://as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/4819/marriagedivides.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cf. Jim Baggott, &lt;em&gt;The Quantum Story: A History in 40 Moments &lt;/em&gt;(New York: Oxford, 2011), p. 150.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;David Ramsay Steele, “My Orwell Right or Wrong,” review of &lt;em&gt;Why Orwell Matters&lt;/em&gt;, by Christopher Hitchens, &lt;em&gt;Libertarian Alliance&lt;/em&gt;, 2003, &lt;a href="http://www.la-articles.org.uk/orwell.pdf" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.la-articles.org.uk/orwell.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Arthur Kirsch, &lt;em&gt;Auden and Christianity&lt;/em&gt; (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), pp. 172–73.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;John Sutherland, &lt;em&gt;Stephen Spender: A Literary Life &lt;/em&gt;(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 168.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Hermann Kurzke, &lt;em&gt;Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art. A Biography &lt;/em&gt;(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 412–14, 486.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Theo G. M. Sandfort et al., “Same-Sex Sexual Behavior and Psychiatric Disorders,” &lt;em&gt;Archives of General Psychiatry &lt;/em&gt;58  (2001): 85-91; Michael King et al., “A Systematic Review of Mental  Disorder, Suicide, and Deliberate Self-Harm in Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual  people,” &lt;em&gt;BMC Psychiatry&lt;/em&gt; 8 (August 18, 2008): 70.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Compared  to men who do not, men who have sex with men are more than 46 times  more likely to contract syphilis, and more than 44 times more likely to  contract HIV. “Gay Men Still More Likely to Contract HIV,” &lt;em&gt;BC Medical Journal &lt;/em&gt;52.4 (May 2010): web.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;M.  A. Bellis et al., “Re-Emerging Syphilis in Gay Men: A Case-Control  Study of Behavioural Risk Factors and HIV Status,” Journal of  Epidemiology and Community Health 56.3 (2002): 235–36.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Franck, “Religion, Reason, and Same-Sex Marriage.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Thomas Aquinas, “Aquinas on Law,” &lt;em&gt;Medieval Source Book,&lt;/em&gt; ed. Paul Halsall. Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies, 2006. Web.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Frederick Bastiat, &lt;em&gt;The Law &lt;/em&gt;(1850; rpt. New York: Cosimo Classics, 2006), p. 11.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cf. Charles J. Russo, “Same-Sex Marriage and Public School Curricula,” &lt;em&gt;What’s the Harm? Does Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage Really Harm Individuals, Families, or Society? &lt;/em&gt;ed. Lynn D. Wardle (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2008), pp. 355–73.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cf. Robert D. Putnam and David E. Campbell, &lt;em&gt;American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us&lt;/em&gt;(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="footnote"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cf. Ron Sider, “Bearing Better Witness,” &lt;em&gt;First Things, &lt;/em&gt;December 2010, pp. 47–50.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;font-size:100%;" &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-4461512733165105504?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/4461512733165105504'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/4461512733165105504'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/new-outlaws-how-same-sex-marriage.html' title='The new outlaws: how same-sex marriage suffocates freedom - by Bryce J. Christensen'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-5682163866203128171</id><published>2012-01-24T12:45:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-24T12:47:52.252Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Homossexualidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Orientação sexual'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='genética'/><title type='text'>“Genetic Essentialism” and Sexual Orientation: Why Genetic Explanations are Often Misleading</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;In &lt;a href="http://narth.com/2012/01/%E2%80%9Cgenetic-essentialism%E2%80%9D-and-sexual-orientation-why-genetic-explanations-are-often-misleading/"&gt;NARTH&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;People view genetically influenced outcomes as inescapable and  predestined. They tend to forget the important influences of free will  and environment. Furthermore, they often view the genetically influenced  outcome as natural, and may assume the “naturalistic fallacy,” where  ethical properties (i.e., the moral “ought” or “good”) are erroneously  presumed to flow from natural properties (i.e., the “is,” or mere fact  of existing). A recent analysis by Dar-Nimrod and Heine (2011a) offer  cautions that pertain to genetically influenced conditions including  homosexuality.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Reviewed by Christopher H. Rosik, Ph.D.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;A recent article published in the highly esteemed journal &lt;em&gt;Psychological Bulletin &lt;/em&gt;(Dar-Nimrod  &amp;amp; Heine, 2011a) addressed the timely subject of the psychological  effects of considering genetic foundations to human nature.  The article  and invited responses considered the effects such genetic explanations  have for a number of areas, which are worth reading on their own right,  but this review will of necessity focus on the authors’ discussion of  the genetic foundations of sexual orientation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Psychological Essentialism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The authors begin their discussion by asserting that human beings tend  to “essentialize” certain entities that they encounter.  That is, they  perceive “natural” categories to living organisms that make them what  they are.  The authors note, “People demonstrate psychological  essentialism when they perceive an elementary nature or essence, which  is underlying, deep, and unobserved, that causes natural entities to be  what they are by generating the apparent shared characteristics of the  members of a particular category” (p. 801).  People rely on presumed  essences and assume essentialist judgments when they attempt to  understand the behavior of social groups.  Dar-Nimrod and Heine  postulate that psychological essentialism is likely to be a universal  aspect of human functioning.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Although the essence of any category is not observable, people use  “essence placeholders” to overcome the abstractness of the essence.  The  authors contend “…that ‘genes’ (or at least the way that most laypeople  conceive of genes) often serve as the placeholder for this imagined  essence, and this has important implications regarding how individuals  respond when they encounter genetic information about people” (p. 801).   The defining elements of psychological essentialism (namely viewing a  characteristic as immutable, fundamental, homogenous, discrete, and  natural) are similar to the common lay perception of genes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genetic Essentialism Defined&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The authors offer four consequences of genetic essentialism:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ol style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;It may  lead people to view outcomes as immutable and determined,  unfolding  according to some fixed underlying genetic process that are  assumed to be  largely independent of environmental influences and  beyond individuals’ control.  Consequently, people view genetically   influenced outcomes as inescapable and predestined.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;It may lead people to view the relevant genes as entailing the  fundamental cause of the condition.  The perception of a genetic  foundation thus leads people to devalue the role of environmental and  experiential factors. It may lead to people viewing groups that share a  genetic foundation as being homogenous and discrete.  All members of a  group that share a genetic essence have the potential to possess the  associated condition and that condition is not expected to be observed  in those who do not share the underlying genetic foundation. It causes  people to view the outcome as natural, and, in some domains, this may  prompt the naturalistic fallacy, which results in the associated  outcomes being perceived as more morally acceptable.  Here ethical  properties (i.e., the moral “ought” or “good”) are erroneously derived  from resumed natural properties (i.e., the natural “is” or fact of  existing).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The authors observe that the naturalistic fallacy has  benefited gays  and lesbians but worked against criminals and the obese, since  this  fallacy emerges most strongly when outcomes are associated with  behaviors  that are seen as voluntary.  Thus,  perceiving homosexuality  as natural leads to greater acceptance of same-sex  behavior, while the  opposite is true for criminal behavior or obesity.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Overall,  these four biases lead people to attend more to genetic  causes of a condition  at the expense of considering environment,  experience, or gene-environment  interactions. Thus, genetic  essentialist biases likely result in people giving  more weight to  genetic contributions than is justified.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Strong and Weak Genetic Explanations&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Dar-Nimrod  and Heine assert that genetic essentialism reflects a  biased and often  undesirable response to understanding genetic  information.  They describe “strong genetic explanations” as valid when  genes influence phenotypes through major biochemical pathways  that can  be measured and understood, as is the cases for monogenic diseases  such  as Huntington’s disease or cystic fibrosis.  However, since  genotype-phenotype relationships are usually complex, it has to be kept  in mind that monogenic diseases account for only about 2% of  genetic-based diseases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;On the other hand, the authors indicate that, “Much of the ways that  genes relate to  human conditions can be described as weak genetic  explanations” (p. 802).  Here the condition has a genetic influence or  basis (i.e., heritability &amp;gt; 0) yet the mechanisms that transmit it  are mostly unknown or are unknowable.  Almost all human behaviors are  heritable in this manner, including voting behavior,  cigarette smoking,  and divorce.  But since the nature-nurture interaction is typically  complex for human phenomena and since these complexities are difficult  to communicate and understand, all genetic explanations are viewed by  many people as being strong genetic explanations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genetic Essentialism and Sexual Orientation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The authors examine the subject of sexual orientation as an example  of how a political debate can hinge on the proposed existence of  relevant genes.  They discuss Hamer, et al.’s (1993) claim to have found  a genetic marker (Xq28) that partly accounted for male homosexuality.   They observe that the public reaction to this study provides a case  study in genetic essentialism.  The study led to media responses  proclaiming a lack of choice in adopting a homosexual lifestyle as well  as eugenics concerns such as elective abortions for “suspected”  fetuses.  Dar-Nimrod Heine observe,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Both reactions underscore how an immutable causal relationship  between genes and homosexuality was perceived.  The same kind of  essentialist reactions did not follow, for example, psychoanalytic  propositions that overbearing mothers and detached, cold fathers may be  responsible for homosexual tendencies, although infants’ conscious  control over these kinds of parental behaviors is arguably no greater  than their control over their genes.  Again, this is evidence that  genetic arguments lead to qualitatively different reactions than  environmental ones (p. 806).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The authors also note the connection between perceived genetic origin  and reduced prejudice toward homosexuals.  They comment that, “This  relationship between a perceived genetic foundation and tolerance toward  homosexuals demonstrates how genetic essentialism can lead to the  naturalistic fallacy in some domains….Apparently, behaviors with moral  implications lose their moral force if people view those behaviors as  beyond the individual’s volition” (p. 806).  While a reduction of  negative evaluations of gay and lesbian persons is a potentially  positive feature of genetic essentialism, the authors also sound a  cautionary note since political contexts tend to be dynamic: “Given  potential scientific advances (e.g., identification of genetic markers  that may relate to homosexuality) or a change in political climate, the  association that currently acts as a positive moderator of prejudice  toward homosexuals could one day be used as grounds for eugenic  practices” (p. 806).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Although the expression of genes for most human traits and  behaviors—including those associated with homosexuality–is dependent on  the presence of certain environmental variables and interactions with  other genes, genetic arguments activate people’s essentialist biases.  This, in turn, can provide them with seemingly unassailable  materialistic explanations for why people act in the ways that they do.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genetic Essentialism and the Media&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The media is singled out by Dar-Nimrod and Heine for contributing to  the spread of genetic essentialism, although they also lay some blame at  the feet of the researchers themselves.  As far as the media is  concerned, the authors offer several reasons why the media are complicit  in making genes appear to play a more central role than the data  actually suggest.  Research findings that portray genes as a cause of  behaviors often receive far more coverage than compared with later  disconfirmations.  In addition, the media consistently provide an overly  simplified picture of genetic research, dubbed the “one gene—one  disease” (&lt;em&gt;OGOD&lt;/em&gt;) concept, where a one-to-one deterministic  relationship between a specific gene and a specific trait is offered  (i.e., a strong genetic explanation).  Another example not mentioned by  the authors may be the media’s propensity to equate opponents of  same-sex marriage to those who opposed mixed race marriage.  Equating  the etiologically complex phenomenon of homosexuality with the  genetically determined trait of race very effectively serves to evoke  essentialist biases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Researchers, who are competing for media attention and grant funding,  can also contribute to genetic essentialism in communicating about  their work in ways that resonate with people’s essentialist biases  (e.g., suggesting &lt;em&gt;OGOD&lt;/em&gt; relationships or affording a sense of  agency to genes by describing them as “selfish” or “wanting”). The  result of these portrayals, according to the authors, is that “…people  who gain their knowledge of genetics largely through the media are  likely to conceive of genetic influences in overly deterministic,  immutable, and ultimately erroneous ways” (p. 812).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;By way of conclusions, Dar-Nimrod and Heine assert that in a variety  of domains, including sexual orientation, attributions go beyond the  scientific evidence, with weak genetic explanations being interpreted as  strong genetic explanations.  This is the unfortunate legacy of genetic  essentialism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Biogenetic and Neuroessentialism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The first response to Dar-Nimrod and Heine came from Haslam (2011),  who generally approved of the genetic essentialism treatise yet wanted  to extend it to the biological and neurological realms. Haslam examined  the relationship of stigma to such essentialism in mental disorders and  drew three conclusions:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ol style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Biogenetic explanations are generally associated with greater desired social distance from people with such disorders.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The only dimension of stigma that biogenetic explanations  consistently reduce is perceived blame and personal responsibility.   However, explanations that diminish the perceived personal  responsibility of affected persons may have the unfortunate side effect  of leaving them passive in the face of their own recovery.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;These mixed effects of biogentic explanation on stigma make sense in light of psychological essentialism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Expanding on his third point, Haslam observes that, “Explanations  that draw deep distinctions between kinds of people would be expected to  promote social distance, explanations that invoke unchanging identities  would be expected to yield pessimism about change, and explanations  that refer to causes that are beyond personal control would be expected  to attenuate blame but amplify fears of uncontrollable behavior” (p.  821).  While Haslam does not directly address sexual orientation in this  context, his discussion does raise interesting questions about the  extent to which the employment of strong genetic and biological  explanations might promote social distance, create heightened pessimism  regarding the modification of same-sex attractions, and suggest the  inevitability of certain homosexual sexual practices.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Genetics and Human Agency&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;In the second response to the featured article, Turkheimer (2011)  suggests that genetic essentialism has a counterpoint in naïve  environmentalism, whereby the theoretical challenges of behavioral  genetics are basically ignored. “Psychoanalysts were wrong to think that  overbearing mothers made their children gay, and genetic essentialists  were wrong about gay genes and similar nonsense,” Turkheimer observes,  “but what is the right way to think about genetic influences on sexual  orientation?” (p. 825). He then asserts that the preferred way to think  about this is not in terms of heritability, because contrary to common  wisdom, traits do not have heritabilities because heritability depends  on the population in which it is measured.  “No matter how heritable  height may be in some particularly time and place,” notes the author by  way of example, “neither height in a single individual nor differences  in height among individuals can develop without an environment.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Instead of heritability, then, Turkheimer looks to the language of a  typical biometric analysis of a trait, such as found in twin studies. In  such analyses, heritability is contrasted with two environmental  components attributable to the shared variance and the nonshared  variance.  The shared component is comprised of environmental forces  that make children in the same family more alike. By contrast, the  nonshared environment comprises the nongenetic reasons that cause  siblings raised in the same family to be different.  It is the only  reason identical twins raised in the same family have any differences at  all. As such, the nonshared environment is the most important component  for understanding the personal and ethical consequences of behavior  genetics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Turkheimer indicates there are two reasons why identical twins raised  in the same family do not have identical outcomes.  One is measurement  error. The other, more intriguing reason “…is the self-determinative  ability of humans to chart a course for their own lives, constrained but  not determined by the genes, family, and culture, and in response to  the vagaries of environmental experience with which they are presented.  The nonshared environment, in a phrase, is free will” (p. 826).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The nonshared environment addresses what is at stake when we are  concerned about whether people are able to control their own weight or  choose their sexual orientation.  Turkheimer presents the nonshared  environment proportions (NEP) for the traits examined by Dar-Nimrod and  Heine (2011a) and orders them in terms of their controllability and  moral relevance, as displayed below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;Trait                                            NEP &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Height                                        .1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Weight                                       .3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Adult intelligence                      .2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Personality                                 .6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Schizophrenia                             .15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Depression                                 .6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Criminality                                 .4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Sexual orientation                      .5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;According to Turkheimer, we have a particular concern for the genetics of behavior, because behavior genetics is &lt;em&gt;experienced&lt;/em&gt;  genetics, and the interaction of genetics with human agency. While we  are free to become what we want, doing so will take more effort for some  traits than for others and will require a Herculean effort for the most  ingrained.  As seen in the table above, sexual orientation change  generally appears to take somewhat more effort than the achievement of  change in personality or depression and less effort than for reducing  criminality or weight. Thus the comparative nonshared variance  statistics suggest that while change in same-sex attractions is  possible, it is by no means a simple or easy process. For Turkheimer,  the NEP serves to prevent coarse and absolute claims about people either  “having a choice” or being “hard wired” for their traits.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Concluding Rejoinder&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;The article series concludes with a rejoinder by Dar-Nimrod and Heine  (2011b). The authors indicate that they agree with Haslam that  biochemical substances and neurological mechanisms can also serve as  effective primes for essentialist thinking.  Extreme nature and nurture  positions have a magnetic draw and tend to overwhelm more nuanced  thinking. Dar-Nimrod and Heine view the interaction of nature and  nurture as the most scientifically defensible explanation for human  behavior, whereby genes are relevant to human behavior but do not  determine it. This has implications for determining the morality of  behavior, presumably including sexual behavior:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;As there are no known complex human behaviors in which genetics  render the actor unable to resist performing a behavior, we contend that  genetic etiological accounts should not serve as the basis for moral  evaluations.  Genes provide one source of influence (depending upon how  those genes are expressed in interaction with other genes and  experiences and following a developmental trajectory), but there are  many other sources of influence at play, making the role of genes in  producing any complex behaviors far from deterministic. Furthermore, the  amount of influence that genes have on behaviors is considerably  smaller than one might think. (p. 831)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Dar-Nimrod and Heine do believe that genetic essentialist biases have  greater potency than environmental essentialist biases or even  interactionist accounts, since the former are much more likely to be  perceived as offering an underlying, materialistic, immutable, and  fundamental cause of an individual’s nature.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Finally, the authors agree with Turkheimer’s criticism of how  heritability estimates have been misused.  In addition, they offer for  consideration another way heritability estimates have been  misinterpreted.  They note that in the heritability research one large  component of environmental influence is never taking into account  people’s cultural background.  Experimental designs are not capable of  accounting for the role of different cultural backgrounds, which results  in a substantial restriction of range problem in making estimates.   This means that the role of environmental influence on these behaviors  is going to be grossly underestimated and the estimates of heritability  overestimated. Heritability estimates therefore are most meaningful when  their relative size is contrasted between characteristics assessed in  the same samples and contexts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;This would appear to have serious consequences for understanding the  degree of heritability of sexual orientation, since we have little if  any such research coming out of non-Western cultures to compare with  what has been reported in the West.  Researchers may currently and  erroneously assume genetic heritability estimates are universally valid  when in fact this is far from the truth. These estimates may well be far  smaller than we think.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;In summary, Dar-Nimrod and Heine, as well as their respondents, have  provided a valuable service by raising awareness of the causes and  effects of genetic essentialism and some ramifications of it for our  thinking about sexual orientation. It is difficult to do justice in a  brief review to the depth of insights and thought provoking analysis  that are contained within these pages. Interested readers who wish to  dig into the original sources will not be disappointed with their  investment of time. Portrayals of the origin of homosexuality in the  media as well as in some of the relevant science appears to provide  potent examples of genetic essentialism (and perhaps biochemical  essentialism too). We would be wise to keep the lessons of Dar-Nimrod  and Heine’s analysis in mind as we consider the causes of homosexuality  and the claims of its immutability.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="font-family: lucida grande;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: lucida grande;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: lucida grande;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Dar-Nimrod, I., &amp;amp; Heine, S. J. (2011a). Genetic essentialism: On the deceptive determinism of DNA. &lt;em&gt;Psychological&lt;br /&gt;Bulletin, 137&lt;/em&gt;(5), 800-818.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: lucida grande;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: lucida grande;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Dar-Nimrod, I., &amp;amp; Heine, S.J. (2011b). Some thoughts on essence  placeholders, interactionism, and heritability: Reply to Haslam (2011)  and Turkheimer (2011). &lt;em&gt;Psychological Bulletin, 137&lt;/em&gt;(5), 829-833.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: lucida grande;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: lucida grande;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Haslam, N. (2011). Genetic essentialism, neuroessentialism, and stigma: Commentary on Dar-Nimrod and Heine (2011). &lt;em&gt;Psychological Bulletin, 137&lt;/em&gt;(5), 819-824.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: lucida grande;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: lucida grande;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V.L., Hu, N., &amp;amp; Pattatucci,  A.M.L. (1993, July 16). A linkage between DNA markers on the X  chromosome and male sexual orientation. &lt;em&gt;Science, 261&lt;/em&gt;, 321-327.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: lucida grande;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="font-family: lucida grande;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Turkheimer, E. (2011). Genetics and human agency: Comment on Dar-Nimrod and Heine (2011). &lt;em&gt;Psychological Bulletin, 137&lt;/em&gt;(5), 825-828.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-5682163866203128171?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5682163866203128171'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5682163866203128171'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/genetic-essentialism-and-sexual.html' title='“Genetic Essentialism” and Sexual Orientation: Why Genetic Explanations are Often Misleading'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-1930674557512036956</id><published>2012-01-23T17:11:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-23T17:14:47.283Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Economia e Finanças'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ocidente'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Demografia'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Cristianismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Família'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ettore Gotti Tedeschi'/><title type='text'>INTERVISTA/La versione di Gotti Tedeschi: Come fermare il declino dell'Occidente</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;di Riccardo Cascioli&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In &lt;a href="http://www.labussolaquotidiana.it/ita/articoli-fermare-il-declino-delloccidente-4271.htm"&gt;La Bussola Quotidiana&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;“Il mondo di ieri è finito, c’è un grande cambiamento epocale in  corso, con un trasferimento di potere e di ricchezza fuori  dall’Occidente che per decenni ha governato il mondo. L’Occidente  rischia di scomparire, deve reagire formando una grande area economica  comune tra Europa e Stati Uniti. Ma concentrarsi sul debito è un grave  errore”. Ettore Gotti Tedeschi, presidente dello Ior (Istituto di opere  religiose, la Banca vaticana) e studioso di economia ha le idee chiare  su quanto sta avvenendo, sulla crisi economica in corso e su come  uscirne. Nella sua casa, nel centro di Piacenza, contornati da quadri  antichi (“Il più recente è del ‘600”, dice scherzando sulla sua passione  per la cultura classica) e da un arredamento semplice ma che sa di  storia, ben si comprende che i giudizi sull’attualità vengono da una  sapienza che affonda le radici nei secoli.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cerchiamo allora di capire perché questa crisi economica è il sintomo di un mondo che sta finendo, e come uscirne. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Per  uscire da una crisi bisogna fare una diagnosi corretta, perché è come  una malattia che corrompe un fisico sano, con un suo equilibrio.  Purtroppo però di questa crisi continuiamo a guardare gli effetti  anziché le cause. Continuiamo a dire che è dovuta all’eccesso di debito  creato dalle banche negli ultimi 20 anni.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;E invece?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;L’eccesso  di credito fatto dal sistema bancario non è l’origine, ma la  conseguenza della crisi, perché la vera crisi è il crollo delle nascite e  di conseguenza il crollo dello sviluppo sostenibile nel mondo  occidentale, Europa e Stati Uniti. Del solo mondo occidentale, che però è  quello che ha guidato, ispirato e gestito l’economia mondiale negli  ultimi 30 anni. Il debito allora è il modo in cui il mondo occidentale  mantiene la crescita dell’economia compensando il crollo delle nascite.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il Papa parla di crisi morale alla radice della crisi economica.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Infatti.  L’aspetto morale che il Papa evidenzia è proprio qui, nel tentativo di  far crescere il Pil  senza fare figli. Nell’enciclica Caritas in  Veritate, nel primo capitolo il Papa cita le due encicliche sociali di  Paolo VI,  la Humanae Vitae e la Populorum Progressio. La prima dice che  senza la centralità della vita non si può fare niente, se l’uomo non è  al centro, se la vita non è considerata il principio di ogni cosa, nulla  funziona. Nella seconda, che l’uomo non può pensare allo sviluppo solo  in termini materialistici. Invece si è voluto mantenere la crescita del  Pil facendo indebitare i sistemi economici del mondo occidentale. Ma  ripeto: questa è la conseguenza, l’origine è molto più profonda e più  importante.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quindi, come se ne esce?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Se io  fossi un governante la mia prima domanda sarebbe: ma se questo è vero  che cosa vuol dire per me riportare in sesto i conti e fare ripartire  l’economia? Vuol dire ridurre il debito oppure creare le premesse per la  crescita?&lt;br /&gt;Sono due cose completamente differenti. Tutti noi  continuiamo a guardare il debito e nessuno dice che per far crescere il  mondo occidentale bisogna tornare a fare figli e quindi bisogna  sviluppare la famiglia, l’amore per la famiglia, l’amore per i figli,  non solo spegnere il debito. Puoi spegnere il debito, ma il giorno dopo  sei daccapo. E comunque non puoi spegnere il debito se non  riattivi la  crescita.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Il crollo delle nascite è un processo che va avanti da molto tempo in Occidente. Perché una crisi di questo genere scoppia ora?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Per  un motivo molto semplice. Negli ultimi 20 anni ogni paese ha adottato  una crescita a debito differente. In Europa – dove ci sono nazioni con  forte vocazione al welfare sociale – con il debito di Stato, che è  intervenuto direttamente nell’economia. Negli Stati Uniti, di tradizione  liberista e perciò ostile al debito di Stato, si è fatta crescere  l’economia per 15-20 anni con il debito privato delle famiglie. Ma tutti  i debiti – che siano privati: delle famiglie, delle imprese, delle  banche; oppure dello Stato – tutti alla fine diventano debito di Stato.  Perché se le famiglie non pagano il mutuo e riportano la carta di  credito in banca, salta la banca; se salta la banca deve intervenire lo  Stato come ha fatto negli Usa nazionalizzando di fatto le banche. Se io  faccio crescere il sistema a debito attraverso le imprese o le banche e  queste saltano, deve intervenire lo Stato. Quindi tutto, nel medio  termine, diventa debito di Stato.&lt;br /&gt;Fino a ieri sui mercati c’era  soltanto il debito con cui l’Europa ha finanziato pensioni, sanità,  sostegno sociale, c’era un equilibrio consolidato tra domanda e offerta.  Ma oggi, lo vediamo in questi giorni, i paesi europei non riescono a  collocare il loro debito sui mercati  alla scadenza, e lo spread  aumenta. Il motivo è che è successa una cosa nuova: a collocare il  debito di stato ora ci sono anche gli Stati Uniti, perché gli Usa hanno  sostenuto negli ultimi decenni la crescita del Pil con il debito delle  famiglie, ma quando le famiglie non hanno pagato, sono saltate le banche  – vedi Lehman Brothers –, lo Stato interviene a salvare le banche e si  indebita. Ma il debito dello Stato americano sul Pil significa  confrontare un debito sul più grande Pil del mondo, dieci volte quello  italiano, poco meno del doppio di quello europeo. Allora se il debito  sul Pil passa negli ultimi 4 anni dal 60 al 100% è come se aumentasse di  tutto il debito di tutta l’Europa. Questo debito, a parte quello  sostenuto dalla Fed emettendo carta moneta, è stato collocato sui  mercati. Immaginiamo cosa è dunque successo: una massa di debito  americano così forte che va sui mercati che tradizionalmente  sottoscrivevano solo quello europeo. Quindi si è squilibrata la domanda e  l’offerta del debito sovrano. Ecco allora la crisi dell’Europa, la  Grecia in ginocchio, l’Italia in difficoltà. Il debito americano vale  più del nostro, perché hanno svalutato il dollaro, danno dei tassi  interessanti ma soprattutto hanno accordi con lo Stato più grande del  mondo. La Cina preferisce sottoscrivere il debito americano piuttosto  che quello europeo perché gli Stati Uniti comprano i prodotti cinesi. E’  come sostenere la vendita dei propri prodotti agli Usa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Se  la causa vera della crisi è il crollo demografico, è evidente quale  dovrebbe essere la risposta. Che però, anche se venisse – e non sembra  che i governi ne siano coscienti – sarebbe una risposta dai tempi  lunghissimi. Ma nel breve termine cosa si dovrebbe fare?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;L’Europa  anzitutto deve recuperare il gap, il divario che la separa dagli Stati  Uniti, e che riguarda soprattutto il lavoro. C’è una differenza di  produttività intorno al 25%, che si può recuperare solo attraverso delle  riforme radicali per rendere la struttura economica meno costosa e più  produttiva. Più elasticità nel mondo del lavoro e meno rigidità  conseguente, meno relazioni sindacali che proteggono, meno stato  assistenziale. Dobbiamo ridurre i costi di un sistema che per decenni è  stato assistenziale, costosissimo. E dobbiamo farlo in brevissimo tempo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Basterebbe?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Bisogna  avere coscienza che ormai l’ordine economico mondiale è cambiato.  L’Occidente sta rischiando di concludere la sua guida del mondo. Su 7  miliardi di abitanti nel mondo, Europa e Stati Uniti ne contano meno di  un miliardo. Il futuro è nella crescita dell’Asia, persino dell’Africa e  dell’America Latina perché sono paesi più disponibili a essere  produttivi, più disponibili al sacrificio, al lavoro, alla produttività,  Noi siamo paesi costosi. Negli ultimi 20 anni non facendo figli,  rifiutandoci egoisticamente di crescere il numero della popolazione in  Occidente, abbiamo cambiato drammaticamente la struttura delle nostre  economie. Per far crescere il Pil siamo diventati sempre più consumatori  e sempre meno produttori, condannando l’altra parte del mondo a  produrre a basso costo, e con consumi ridotti. Ma questo è un sistema  insostenibile, per farlo abbiamo distrutto il risparmio: in Italia,  negli anni ’70 si risparmiava tra il 25 e il 30% del reddito, oggi siamo  scesi sotto il 5%. Avendo stabilito una crescita economica falsata a  debito, senza crescita reale della popolazione, noi abbiamo fatto  lievitare in maniera drammatica i costi fissi, ovvero i costi sociali, i  costi dello Stato. Come li abbiamo assorbiti questi costi? Aumentando  le tasse. Nel 1975 il peso delle tasse sul Pil era il 25%, oggi il 50.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;L’Occidente  rischia di scomparire, ma è diviso al suo interno. Stati Uniti ed  Europa appaiono in concorrenza fra di loro, come anche emerge dal quadro  fatto a proposito del debito&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Ci si deve rendere conto che  il problema non riguarda solo una parte, ma tutto il mondo occidentale:  Stati Uniti ed Europa devono creare un’area unica con criteri di  omogeneità. Insieme hanno un Pil che vale la metà del Pil mondiale, ci  si deve sostenere per uscire insieme dalla crisi, formare un’area comune  con dei criteri di coordinamento economico. Ripeto: oggi siamo di  fronte a un grande cambiamento epocale, il mondo di ieri è finito,  assistiamo a un trasferimento di potere e di ricchezza fuori dall’area  che per 30-40 anni ha governato il mondo. L’Occidente deve reagire in  modo equilibrato tenendo conto che sta rischiando di scomparire di non  contare più nulla. L’Occidente è importante perché ha sviluppato un  sistema di crescita, di equilibrio, di crescita nel mondo che nasce  sulle radici cristiane. Quando finirà questo, quali saranno le altre  radici culturali su cui si formerà un modello di controllo e di potere  economico?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lei pone quindi anche un problema  culturale. Ma non è culturale anche il problema demografico? In fondo  fare famiglia, mettere al mondo dei figli non dipende primariamente da  questioni economiche, ci vogliono motivazioni che vengono prima.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Questo  è vero, ma cultura ed economia si influenzano a vicenda, è difficile  dire cosa viene prima. Prendiamo ad esempio la cultura neo-malthusiana,  che continua a essere presente da 200 anni, da quando Malthus scrisse i  suoi Princìpi, che hanno poi ispirato anche Darwin e la sua teoria sulla  selezione della specie (dedicò il suo libro a Malthus). Quelli  malthusiani sono princìpi di carattere economico secondo cui la  popolazione mondiale rischia di morire di fame se nascono troppi figli. I  neomalthusiani degli anni ‘70-’80 del XX secolo, quelli riuniti attorno  al Club di Roma predissero che attorno al 2000 o addirittura prima  centinaia di milioni di persone sarebbero morte di fame in Asia se la  popolazione avesse continuato a crescere con quei ritmi. Questo è un  criterio economico che ha creato immediatamente un effetto “palla di  neve”, una serie di reazioni di carattere culturale. Come si fa a  limitare le nascite? Sicuramente con i contraccettivi ma anche con la  distribuzione di una cultura: prima di tutto con l’ostilità per i nuovi  nati, potenziali inquinatori, ed ecco la saldatura con il movimento  ecologista: più bambini nascono più si inquina perché aumenta la  domanda, aumentano i bisogni, quindi più produzione e di conseguenza più  inquinamento. Poi l’infatuazione femministica, il ruolo della donna che  deve essere migliore, superiore all’uomo, diritto-dovere di lavorare e  quindi se fai una cosa non ne fai un’altra. Quindi è diventata una  cultura, ma all’origine c’è la teoria malthusiana che è economica. Che a  sua volta però è stata probabilmente ispirata da princìpi contro la  vita, da una visione che riduce l’uomo ad animale intelligente fatto di  carne ma non di spirito.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Al contrario la Populorum Progressio dice  che lo sviluppo economico non può essere solo materialistico, l’uomo non  è solo animale intelligente che si soddisfa economicamente. Quindi  bisogna equilibrare i suoi bisogni spirituali, e di conseguenza le sue  esigenze di affetto, di vocazione verso le cose importanti, come  sposarsi e mettere al mondo figli.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Certo che ricominciare oggi un processo che sovverta la mentalità anti-natalista in cui siamo immersi non è semplice…&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Eppure,  guardi, che ci sono indagini statistiche che evidenziano come la  maggior parte delle coppie, anche in Europa, desidererebbe avere più  figli di quelli che effettivamente hanno. La verità   è che le persone  hanno la vocazione verso una forma naturale di sopravvivenza: famiglia e  figli, una vocazione che non si realizza per paura o per intrinseci  problemi economici o per cultura, per abitudine. In fondo basterebbe che  i governi concedessero sgravi e incentivi fiscali per la formazione  delle famiglie e l’educazione dei figli, per avviare un circolo  virtuoso. Dal momento in cui una persona si sposa pensa in termini di  crescita della sua famiglia e dei suoi figli, quindi si impegna di più.  Se si avvia il ciclo di formazione di una famiglia con la previsione di  fare figli, le persone si impegnano di più producono di più, risparmiano  di più, creano una base monetaria forte per il sistema bancario. Questo  genera una crescita dell’economia, non il consumismo fine a se stesso,  che tra l’altro non serve a molto anche perché il 60% dei beni che  consumiamo li importiamo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-1930674557512036956?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/1930674557512036956'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/1930674557512036956'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/intervistala-versione-di-gotti-tedeschi.html' title='INTERVISTA/La versione di Gotti Tedeschi: Come fermare il declino dell&apos;Occidente'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-3822271564646247426</id><published>2012-01-22T12:21:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-22T12:35:01.222Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Deus'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ateísmo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='José Maria André'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Fé'/><title type='text'>O Ateísmo Existe?  (E Deus?) - por Professor José Maria C. S. André</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;font-size:85%;" &gt;In «Deus na Universidade – O que pensam os universitários portugueses», iniciativa de um Fórum Interdisciplinar de Professores (FIP) da Pastoral Universitária de Braga; Editora Fronteira do Caos, 2011.&lt;br /&gt;ISBN 9789898070685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Para surpresa (ou alívio) dos ateus, José Miguel Pero-Sanz (1) demonstra cuidadosamente que o ateísmo não existe. Terá razão? Prefiro deixar a minha opinião para o fim.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um motivo para suspeitar que o ateísmo é um pecado impossível é a Bíblia praticamente não falar dele, quando nela encontramos um elenco completíssimo de faltas e desvios de toda a ordem. Como explicar tal lacuna, se o ateísmo existisse? Porque, de facto, quase toda a Bíblia ignora o ateísmo, à excepção de umas notas, surpreendentemente concisas e moderadas: «diz o insensato no seu coração: Deus não existe!» (2).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A nossa sociedade confundiu-se, a ponto de alguns defenderem uma impossibilidade? Ou estamos perante uma clamorosa omissão bíblica? Os contrastes extremados têm habitualmente origem num paradoxo ou num equívoco. Na minha opinião é isso que acontece, mas prefiro que cada um julgue por si.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Primeira pista: enquanto o ateísmo propriamente dito é sistematicamente ignorado pela Bíblia, a idolatria está presente em toda a parte (3). Que quer dizer isto?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Supondo que Deus exista, Ele é (por definição) o Valor supremo. Ora, nenhum ser humano pode prescindir de ter um Norte, de estabelecer uma Preferência acima de todas as outras, em função da qual organiza todas as decisões. Para que o exercício da liberdade não seja totalmente privado de significado não bastam os objectivos de segunda ordem, que remetem para uma opção mais fundamental, é preciso que essa finalidade essencial, que orienta toda a vida, tenha um valor absoluto. Por outras palavras, se alguém estiver convencido de que a sua vida não tem um farol validamente absoluto, pode tirar a conclusão em termos existenciais: «todas as minhas decisões são arbitrárias, sou irrelevante, nada tem sentido; corro para nada». Em contrapartida, quem reconhecer um Valor absoluto, afirma (por definição) que Deus existe.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não se trata agora de saber se aquilo a que se atribui um valor absoluto é digno de tão grande apreço, ou é um falso absoluto. O ponto é que não é possível rejeitar a própria noção de absoluto sem comprometer radicalmente o homem (4). O lugar máximo dos valores humanos pode ser Deus ou qualquer «deus», mas não pode estar vazio, porque é esse cume que preside e dá significado a todas as escolhas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando o objectivo máximo de uma pessoa é um deus, com minúscula, não temos o ateísmo mas a idolatria. Portanto, a alternativa a Deus não é o ateísmo, a alternativa situa-se entre o verdadeiro Deus e um falso deus ― entre Deus e a idolatria: por isso a Bíblia ignora o ateísmo e critica longamente a idolatria.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O ateísmo propriamente dito, que acarreta a confissão do vazio da própria liberdade, pode chegar a dar-se? Alguém pode, com sinceridade, declarar-se tão desorientado que não reconheça nenhum valor absoluto? Haverá algum marxista tão convicto que declare sinceramente que nada distingue a justiça da injustiça, a não ser um fatalismo ideológico que manipula a consciência das pessoas (5)? É que, ainda que a convicção de reconhecer a verdade fosse o produto irracional das circunstâncias externas, tal convicção não deixaria de se dar. Que sentido tem, então, afirmar o ateísmo e, ao mesmo tempo, estar intimamente convencido de que há um valor absoluto?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Marx afirma que «a crítica da religião (...) faz com que o homem se torne para o próprio homem o Sol real» (6). Admitamos que sim, que o Ser Supremo é o homem (pelo menos para o próprio homem, como diz Marx ironicamente). Mas nesse caso haveria Deus ― pelo menos na opinião do próprio homem. O drama é que, depois de afirmar que o homem é o ser supremo, negar que Ele existe é cair no grau mínimo de consideração por si próprio. O problema do ateu é ter um deus que não passa de uma completa ilusão: tão completa que, por exemplo, segundo Marx, nem o sujeito que se auto-ilude é real! Em primeiro lugar, não é o indivíduo real que pensa que constitui o espírito absoluto (7), aliás o indivíduo isolado, que «é apenas um átomo social», não é nada, a tal ponto que a «vida individual e a vida social não são distintas» (8). Em segundo lugar a humanidade, no seu conjunto, não passa de interacções sociais (9), algo fortuito e sem personalidade, porque «a essência humana não possui nenhuma realidade verdadeira» (10). O homem que se julga o ser supremo está supinamente iludido, defrauda-se a si próprio numa fanfarronada desesperada: «Eu não sou nada e teria de ser tudo» (11).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Julgando arrancar ao homem a sua máxima ilusão, o ateísmo oferece-lhe a máxima desilusão. Em nome da verdade? Nem isso, porque justamente se trata de negar que alguma verdade real possa dar sentido à vida. A proclamação do ateísmo entende-se a si própria como um clamor inútil de infelicidade ―de uma infelicidade extrema e inultrapassável―, grito de quem toma consciência de que tudo é horrível e que não há opiáceo que chegue para diluir o fel da tristeza. É neste contexto que Marx explica a religião como tentativa de fuga: «a religião é um protesto contra a infelicidade. (...) A religião é o suspiro da criatura oprimida, o coração de um mundo sem coração, pois é a alma de condições desalmadas. É o ópio do povo» (12).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A mágoa do ateísmo é demasiado séria para se curar apenas com argumentos de lógica, mas não deixa de ser um mistério que a angústia de pensar que o Absoluto não existe se possa apresentar como tão absoluta. Porque o ateu não conseguiu afinal eliminar de si a convicção do absoluto, apenas trocou o verdadeiro Deus por um absoluto falso e terrivelmente misterioso, que é a completa antinomia do Absoluto Bem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Encontramos muitos tipos de idolatria, conforme o ídolo que se tenha erigido no lugar do Deus verdadeiro. Para alguns, deus é o ventre, para outros o dinheiro ou o sexo, para outros o poder ou a imagem (13), a raça ou o país, e há ainda fetiches vários e muitas modalidades de idolatrias novas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O que não está nas mãos do homem é prescindir de uma referência suprema, absoluta (e por isso mesmo única), que justifica todos os outros bens, por definição relativos, função daquele que é a referência. Podemos fugir a consciencializar a nossa escala de valores, mas só até ao dia em que não houver outro remédio que estabelecer a preferência máxima. Nem é preciso que nos perguntem «a bolsa ou a vida?». O sonho de querer ao mesmo tempo «Deus e o dinheiro», ou quaisquer dois máximos ex æquo não resiste à prova do tempo. Mais tarde ou mais cedo, as duas escolhas apresentam-se em alternativa e tem de se dar o primeiro lugar a uma delas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para citar um conhecido ateu de inspiração marxista: «Cada um tem de escolher a sua moral [o seu absoluto, diria eu] e a pressão das circunstâncias é tal que não pode deixar de escolher uma» (14).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O problema é que, dizendo que não há realmente nenhum absoluto digno de confiança, os ateus caem nos desesperos mais patéticos. O homem seria uma «paixão inútil», segundo Sartre; ou um «absurdo», segundo Albert Camus; ou «um ser feito para a morte, um ser destinado ao nada», se quisermos interpretar esta frase de Martin Heidegger em sentido ateu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Claro que estas declarações não se entendem a si próprias como igualmente absurdas ou inúteis: quem as escreve revê as gralhas com todo o cuidado e esforça-se para que a mensagem produza o máximo efeito no público. No fundo, talvez as palavras não afirmem o que parecem. Talvez estes gritos angustiados, lançados à toa, sejam ―a seu modo― a demonstração de que todo o homem anseia por encontrar o verdadeiro Absoluto, que valha todos os sacrifícios e que, uma vez alcançado, seja a felicidade autêntica e sem mancha.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Verdade seja dita, nem sempre a posição dos ateus contemporâneos é tão dolorosa como a clareza consciente do ateísmo teórico, a tal ponto que muitos ateus têm dificuldade em explicar realmente a opinião que defendem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Por outro lado, parece-me que Deus sofre de um grave problema de imagem. Quando digo que, na nossa sociedade mediática, Deus tem um problema de imagem não estou a atribuir-Lhe a culpa, nem sequer procuro saber quem seja o culpado, limito-me a constatar. Nos dias que correm, a imagem de Deus tem aspectos positivos e, digamos assim, aspectos menos bons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Comecemos, como é hábito, por referir as facetas favoráveis. Deus tem uma imagem de competência, de extraordinária eficiência e de inteligência insuperável. Nenhum cientista imagina um Deus distraído, esquecido por uns instantes de um pequenino electrão, perdido nos confins do Universo. Nem põe a hipótese de que, por causa de uma certa modorra divina, os astros se atrasem ou se desviem, por pouco que seja, das suas órbitas perfeitas. A capacidade intelectual e a eficiência de Deus gozam, hoje em dia, de um prestígio tão generalizado que ninguém se assusta por haver milhões e milhões de átomos que constituem milhões e milhões de moléculas, que formam milhões e milhões de estruturas inorgânicas e de células vivas, que formam milhões e milhões de seres vivos, que habitam milhões e milhões de habitats ecológicos... Deus tem uma reputação de competência à prova de qualquer desafio. Inclusivamente, todos sabemos que «milhões de milhões» é apenas uma maneira de falar: trata-se de milhões de milhões, de milhões... de muitos mais milhões de milhões, ...muito para além de qualquer número digerível pela mente humana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Infelizmente, a imagem de Deus também tem um ponto fraco. Muitos pensam que tamanha perfeição é insuportável. Reconhecem porventura que Deus tem sempre razão, mas nem os povos germânicos suportam o rigor de tão exasperante rectidão moral. O conto de Eça de Queiroz sobre a perfeição (15) descreve como, ao fim de pouco tempo, um paraíso de Primavera e ninfas perfeitas se torna mais inaguentável que a violência de uma batalha campal ou o pânico de um naufrágio, a ponto de já nem o heróico Ulisses suportar a beleza ideal e inexcedível das perfeitíssimas deusas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deixando a literatura e voltando ao verdadeiro Deus, o problema é que a conversa com Ele é demasiado desigual: nada temos a apontar-Lhe, mas Ele, por mais compreensão e eufemismos que empregue connosco, só encontra incongruência e mal. Tinha-te dito... (pois). A tua atitude tem lógica?... (o ponto de interrogação não transforma a frase numa pergunta). Outra vez!... (para onde fugir?). Ainda?!... (...). É assim que respondes à minha simpatia irrepreensível?... (socorro!).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Talvez faça justiça à posição dos meus amigos ateus afirmando que eles não rejeitam propriamente o Absoluto, nem têm dificuldade em compreender que a definição de Absoluto inclui os atributos de Único, Omnipotente e Perfeito. A dificuldade é conviverem com Ele. Por outras palavras, esperariam que o conceito de Deus incluísse os atributos de Simpático e Divertido. Chegados a este ponto, estou em condições de dar a notícia: o receio não se confirma, não há razão para ter medo da frieza de Deus!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O Papa João Paulo II iniciou o seu pontificado com essa série de gritos que ficou célebre: Não tenhais medo! Não tenhais medo de escancarar as portas a Cristo, ...de Lhe abrir os vossos corações, ...as portas dos ambientes sociais e profissionais, ...a porta das vossas famílias! (16)... Escreveram-se livros sobre aqueles não tenhais medo! e ele próprio se citou muitas vezes, reconhecendo que anunciava ao mundo contemporâneo o que este precisava de ouvir (17). Julgo que uma das preocupações do actual Papa, Bento XVI, é reforçar a mensagem. Pouco antes de chegar a Portugal, desafiou-nos com aquela passagem de S. João, «quem tem medo não ama plenamente» (I Jo 4, 18): «S. João diz-&lt;br /&gt;-nos que este amor perfeito afasta o medo. E por isso digo a todos vós: Não tenhais medo! Quantas vezes ouvimos estas palavras nas Escrituras! Elas foram dirigidas pelo Anjo a Maria na Anunciação, por Jesus a Pedro, quando o chamou a ser um discípulo, e pelo Anjo a Paulo na vigília do seu naufrágio. A quantos de vós desejam seguir Cristo (...) digo: não tenhais medo! (...) Não tenhais medo, mas alegrai-vos com o seu amor por vós; confiai nEle, respondei ao seu convite a ser discípulos, encontrai alimento e ajuda espiritual nos Sacramentos da Igreja. (...) Não tenhais medo de ser amigos íntimos de Cristo» (18). No Santuário de Fátima voltou a insistir no «não tenhais medo!» (19).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A primeira Encíclica de Bento XVI, intitulada «Deus é Amor», é todo um programa (a primeira Encíclica de um Papa chama-se «programática» porque estabelece o rumo do pontificado) centrado em proclamar que Deus é um amante apaixonado, com toda a beleza e a loucura de um verdadeiro amante. O Papa descreve as duas facetas do amor ―o amor como atracção (gostar do outro) e o amor como entrega (capacidade de sacrificar-se pelo outro)―, para concluir que um amor autêntico tem ambas as dimensões e que o amor de Deus por nós é o mais completo que pode haver. Ou seja, Ele não apenas Se entrega por nós e nos perdoa, mas gosta mesmo de nós. Sente-Se atraído por nós, acha-nos interessantes, divertidos, encantadores, originais, gosta de nos ouvir, aprecia-nos tal como somos... Não é para menos, o entusiasmo com que o Papa define o eixo da vida cristã com aquela expressão da primeira carta de S. João: «nós conhecemos e acreditámos no amor que Deus nos tem». É essa a nossa fé. Sabemos que Deus não é o rigor frio e inatingível de uma norma, mas o Amor Absoluto, arrebatado, surpreendente, feliz, delicadíssimo. E ainda Omnipotente, Único, Sabedoria suprema, Beleza infinita, Plenitude. Bento XVI sublinha: não está a falar de um Deus que nos «tem» amor, mas de um Deus que «é» Amor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não vale a pena ter medo, ainda que amar seja pouco seguro. Uma história de amor é necessariamente uma viagem imprevisível e sem cautelas. Acolher o outro e ligarmo-nos definitivamente a ele é rumar ao desconhecido, embarcar numa aventura sem plano. Em certo sentido, é uma loucura. Digo isto sobretudo por Nosso Senhor, porque Ele é demasiado imprudente. Alguma vez estive a ponto de O avisar lealmente, na oração. Desisti, porque não é por falta de informação que Deus Se comporta assim connosco, mas confesso uma imensa admiração pela sua Coragem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Também admiro a ousadia dos Santos, que todos os cristãos se esforçam por imitar, porque aproximar-se do Amor tem os seus perigos. «(...) viver com Deus: esta é a arriscada segurança do cristão. (...) Deus ouve-nos, está pendente de nós (...). Mas viver com Deus é indubitavelmente correr um risco, porque o Senhor não se contenta com partilhar: quer tudo. E acercar-se um pouco mais a Ele é estar dispostos a uma nova conversão, a uma nova rectificação, a escutar mais atentamente as suas inspirações, os santos desejos que faz brotar na nossa alma, e a pô-los em prática» (20). Mas vale a pena.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este meu testemunho faz lembrar Santo Anselmo de Canterbury (1033-1109). Em rigor, o seu célebre argumento (hoje conhecido como «argumento ontológico») não demonstra propriamente a existência de Deus, mas demonstra que o ateísmo é impossível, isto é, que um homem sincero tem de reconhecer abertamente que Deus existe (21). Se o número de palavras deste ensaio não estivesse limitado, completaria agora o trabalho de Santo Anselmo, porque compreendo que falar a alguém de Deus é o maior serviço que podemos prestar aos nossos semelhantes. No entanto, ao acabar a palavra escrita não se esgota a palavra oral, mais concretamente a oração, para que o próprio Deus Se apresente diante daqueles que estimo. Quem me dera que ―talvez partindo deste raciocínio de Santo Anselmo― todos descobrissem que afinal o ateísmo não existe em sentido estrito e que nenhuma idolatria se compara à Alegria sem fim, maior que a qual nada pode ser pensado (22).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;José Maria C. S. André&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:85%;" &gt;NOTAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (1) JOSÉ MIGUEL PERO-SANZ, El Ateísmo Hoy, Editorial Magisterio, Madrid, 1975.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (2) Ps 14 [Vg 13], 1; Ps 53 [Vg 52], 1 (cf. também Ps 10 [Vg 9], 4) e sobretudo Sap 13, 1 e Rom 1, 20 e ss.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (3) Contabilizei 155 referências explícitas à idolatria, no conjunto do Antigo e do Novo Testamento. A palavra «ateísmo» não aparece uma única vez em toda a Bíblia, nem qualquer palavra que se possa considerar sinónima. As referências directas à negação de Deus são as que se enumeraram na nota anterior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (4) Também porque «a noção de dignidade humana encontra a sua fundamentação teórica e a sua inviolabilidade numa ontologia metafísica, isto é, numa filosofia do absoluto» (ROBERT SPAEMANN, Das Natürliche und das Vernünftiche, Piper and Co., Munique, 1987, p. 122).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (5) «Ninguém está mais longe que eu, que concebo o desenvolvimento da formação económica da sociedade como um processo histórico-natural, de atribuir ao indivíduo a responsabilidade de relações de que ele é socialmente uma criatura, ainda que subjectivamente se considere muito acima delas» (Karl Marx, Das Kapital, vol. I, prefácio à 1ª edição, in Karl Marx - Friedrich Engels - Werke, vol. 23, Dietz Verlag, Berlim, 1968, p. 16; em formato electrónico em www.mlwerke.de/me/me23/me23_011.htm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (6) Karl Marx, Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung, in Karl Marx - Friedrich Engels - Werke, vol. 1, Berlim, 1976, p. 379; em formato electrónico em www.mlwerke.de/me/me01/me01_378.htm; parece que Marx tomou esta frase de Feuerbach.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (7) Cf. Karl Marx, Die heilige Familie oder Kritik der kritischen Kritik ― gegen Bruno Bauer und Kunsorten, in Karl Marx - Friedrich Engels - Werke, vol. 2, Dietz Verlag, Berlim, 1972,  p. 90; em formato electrónico em www.mlwerke.de/me/me02/me02_082.htm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (8) Karl Marx, Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte ― Manuskripte aus dem Jahre 1844, in Karl Marx - Friedrich Engels - Werke, vol. 1 do Suplemento, Dietz Verlag Berlim, 1968, p.539; em formato electrónico em www.mlwerke.de/me/me40/me40_533.htm. No original, a palavra «sind nicht verschieden» está sublinhada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (9) Cf., Karl Marx, Thesen über Feuerbach (6ª tese), in Karl Marx - Friedrich Engels - Werke, vol. 3, Dietz Verlag Berlim, 1969, p. 533, n. 6; em formato electrónico em www.mlwerke.de/me/me03/me03_533.htm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (10) Karl Marx, Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie, op. cit., p. 378.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (11) Em itálico no original: Ich bin nichts, und Ich müßte alles sein. Karl Marx, Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie, op. cit., p. 389.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (12) Karl Marx, Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie, op. cit., p. 379.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (13) Cf. Eph 5, 5; Rom 16, 18; Phil 3, 19; etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (14) JEAN PAUL SARTRE, L'Existentialisme est un Humanisme, (conferência fundacional do existencialismo de Sartre, pronunciada na Salle des Centraux, Paris, a 29 de Outubro de 1945), publicada pela primeira vez por Nagel, Paris, 1946.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (15) JOSÉ MARIA EÇA DE QUEIROZ, A Perfeição (reunido postumamente na colectânea Prosas Bárbaras, 1903; o texto está actualmente disponível em virtualbooks.com.br).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (16) JOÃO PAULO II, Homilia na Missa de Início do Pontificado, Praça de S. Pedro, 22 de Outubro de 1978.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (17) Inspirado pelos não tenhais medo! com que João Paulo II abriu o pontificado, André Frossard intitulou o célebre livro «N'Ayez pas Peur!»: Dialogue avec Jean Paul II (Éditions Robert Laffont, Paris, 1982; existe uma tradução portuguesa da Livraria Bertrand). Este apelo do Papa, aparentemente dirigido para fora, também ressoou de muitos modos no interior da Igreja. Num recente livro de memórias, o porta-voz do Opus Dei em Itália descreve a emoção que aquelas palavras suscitaram: naquele momento, os católicos «tinham muitas razões para se sentirem como que acossados por uma cultura hostil. Nessas circunstâncias, ouvir o chefe dos sitiados dizer aos atacantes não tenham medo!, mudava completamente a perspectiva» (Pippo Corigliano, Un Lavoro Soprannaturale. La mia vita nell'Opus Dei, Mondadori, Milão, 2008, p. 56). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (18) BENTO XVI, Discurso aos Jovens, Cais do Porto Grande, La Valletta ―Malta, 18 de Abril de 2010 em formato electrónico: http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2010/april/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20100418_incontro-giovani_po.html.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (19) BENTO XVI, Bênção das velas e oração do Santo Rosário, Santuário de Fátima, 12 de Maio de 2010; em formato electrónico: http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2010/may/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20100512_benedizione-fiaccole_po.html.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Na última audiência, à data em que escrevo, o Papa falou sobre o caminho intelectual de Santo Agostinho até chegar a Deus, «uma experiência (...) actual também para a nossa época, em que o relativismo aparece paradoxalmente como a “verdade” que deve guiar o pensamento, as escolhas, e os comportamentos». «Gostaria de dizer a todos, (...) também a quem vive “como se Deus não existisse”, que não tenhais medo da Verdade, que nunca interrompais o caminho para ela, que nunca cesseis de procurar, com o olhar interior do coração, a verdade profunda sobre vós próprios e sobre as coisas. Deus não há-de faltar com Luz para ver e Calor para o coração sentir que Ele nos ama e deseja ser amado» (audiência em Castel Gandolfo, 25 de Agosto de 2010; em formato electrónico: www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2010/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20100825_po.html).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (20) S. JOSEMARIA ESCRIVÁ, Cristo que passa, 58 (a edição original é Es Cristo que pasa, Rialp, Madrid, 1973; a tradução portuguesa mais recente é de Edições Prumo – Rei dos Livros, Lisboa, 1997, disponível em formato electrónico: http://pt.escrivaworks.org/book/cristo_que_passa-ponto-58.htm).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (21) SANTO ANSELMO DE CANTERBURY, Proslogion, 2 a 4. Este argumento já se encontrava esboçado no seu Monologion. O ponto de partida é a definição de Deus que invocámos acima (id quo maius cogitari non potest) e o ponto central do argumento é que há algo que cada homem considera realmente como absoluto, acima de tudo. Daqui não se pode inferir directamente que Deus existe (a não ser com uma argumentação suplementar do tipo da de Étienne Gilson, The Spirit of Mediaeval Philosophy, Gifford Lectures 1931-1932. (trad. A. H. C. Downes), Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1940, p. 59 e La Philosophie au Moyen Age, Des Origines Patristiques a la Fin du XIVe Siècle, 2ª ed., Payot, Paris, 1947, p. 246), nem se pode concluir que aquilo que cada um considera absoluto o seja efectivamente, mas pode afirmar-se que o ateísmo, enquanto exclusão de uma máxima referência pessoal, é impossível ao homem, sob pena de cair em insanável contradição vital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; (22) Cf. SANTO ANSELMO DE CANTERBURY, ibidem.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-3822271564646247426?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/3822271564646247426'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/3822271564646247426'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/o-ateismo-existe-e-deus-por-professor.html' title='O Ateísmo Existe?  (E Deus?) - por Professor José Maria C. S. André'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-3624074170745450651</id><published>2012-01-22T12:14:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-22T12:16:57.126Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Religião'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='P. Gonçalo Portocarrero de Almada'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nação'/><title type='text'>Portugal com Alzheimer - por P. Gonçalo Portocarrero de Almada</title><content type='html'>&lt;div  style="text-align: justify; font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Os feriados são essenciais para a identidade nacional &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Muitos maridos sabem como é pesada a factura pelo esquecimento do aniversário da mulher. O Cardeal Sean O’Malley, Arcebispo de Boston, contava, a este propósito, que uma senhora, muito ofendida pelo facto do cônjuge se ter esquecido do dia dos seus anos, exigiu, como reparação, uma prenda que a levasse dos zero aos cem em três segundos. Mas, em vez do esperado bólide, o desajeitado esposo ofereceu-lhe uma balança…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Talvez os homens subestimem os aniversários, mas as mulheres geralmente não pensam assim e num tal esquecimento lêem desconsideração pela aniversariante, ou pelo casamento. Ora casal que não festeja os anos e a data do casamento está, provavelmente, em crise.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As nações, como as pessoas, também nascem, crescem, definham e morrem. A memória dos povos é a sua história e, como não é possível recordar todas as datas memoráveis, comemoram-se ao menos algumas efemérides mais significativas. Os feriados nacionais não nasceram, portanto, para favorecerem o ócio, mas por imperativo da consciência colectiva, como uma necessidade de afirmação nacional e espiritual. A preservação da língua, o respeito pelos símbolos nacionais e o culto dos heróis e dos santos não são questões decorativas, nem meros instrumentos de propaganda ideológica, mas meios indispensáveis para a coesão e sobrevivência da nação e para a preservação da sua memória colectiva.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se em todos os momentos é oportuna a lembrança da história pátria, essa evocação é mais urgente numa crise. Portugal, para além da dificílima situação económico-financeira, também padece as investidas da globalização, que ameaça a nossa idiossincrasia, e sofre a pressão da vizinha Espanha, onde há quem gostasse de ver a nossa nação reduzida a mais uma região do seu problemático Estado plurinacional.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Razões de sobra para que, sem hostilizar a Europa nem os outros povos ibéricos, se afirme, pela positiva, a independência e soberania nacional, nomeadamente festejando o seu dia, isto é, o 1º de Dezembro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A antiga União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas, quando se viu a braços com a ameaça germânica, apelou ao nacionalismo dos seus cidadãos, promovendo a figura de um seu herói nacional, por sinal um santo cristão. Data de então, com efeito, o magistral «Aleksandr Nevski», de Serguei Eisenstein. A figura emblemática do patriótico guerreiro foi, no contexto da crise mundial, uma alavanca que motivou os cidadãos soviéticos para a defesa da independência. As autoridades políticas, não obstante o seu feroz anticlericalismo e o seu internacionalismo proletário, não tiveram pejo em recorrer a um bem-aventurado príncipe, herói da Rússia dos czares, para assim unirem a nação na luta pela sua ameaçada soberania. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dói ver os feriados nacionais reduzidos a mero assunto económico. Tal como seria lamentável a família que, à conta da crise, desistisse de celebrar aniversários. A razão exige o contrário: precisamente por que há crise, mais necessário é unir a família nessas datas e que o país celebre, com moderação, as principais efemérides da sua história.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Talvez se pudessem vender, em hasta pública, o mosteiro dos Jerónimos e a torre dos clérigos: não faltaria quem quisesse adquirir essas jóias nacionais, para embelezamento dos seus ranchos no Novo Mundo. É verdade que, como diz o provérbio, mais vale perder os anéis do que os dedos, mas estes anéis são os dedos da nossa história, são as mãos que a fizeram e a exaltaram em cantos heróicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sem a sua alma – a nossa língua e a nossa história – Portugal fica reduzido ao deficit, ao lixo das agências de «rating», a apenas mais um povo ibérico, à cauda da Europa. Sem os seus feriados nacionais, civis e religiosos, o nosso país será como um velho desmemoriado que, por ter perdido a consciência, perdeu também a sua identidade, a sua alma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-3624074170745450651?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/3624074170745450651'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/3624074170745450651'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/portugal-com-alzheimer-por-p-goncalo.html' title='Portugal com Alzheimer - por P. Gonçalo Portocarrero de Almada'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-7458743547245757682</id><published>2012-01-22T12:03:00.003Z</published><updated>2012-01-22T12:17:44.117Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='P. Gonçalo Portocarrero de Almada'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Paternidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maternidade'/><title type='text'>Os Filhos da Mentira - por P. Gonçalo Portocarrero de Almada</title><content type='html'>&lt;div  style="text-align: center; font-style: italic; font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;O milagre da multiplicação dos pais e das mães&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div  style="text-align: justify; font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Jesus Cristo fez o milagre da multiplicação dos peixes e dos pães, mas a igualdade de género faz mais: multiplica, desgraçadamente, os pais e as mães.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se uma criança pode ter duas «mães», a verdadeira e a falsa, já que não pode ter sido gerada por ambas, pode ter ainda mais. Com efeito, se a verdadeira mãe morre, ficando a filha ao cuidado da falsa e a dita «viúva» casar com outra, também esta será, pela mesma razão, «mãe» da menor, portanto sua «mãe» duplamente falsa. Se aquela «viúva» morrer e lhe sobreviver a pessoa com quem casou, em segundas núpcias, pode esta, a dita «mãe» duplamente falsa, por sua vez casar com uma nova mulher, que será portanto a quarta «mãe» da criança em causa, ou sua «mãe» triplamente falsa. Portanto, se mãe verdadeira há só uma, falsas podem ser três, ou muitas mais!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O mesmo se diga dos «pais». O finlandês Juha Jämsä, casado com o pai de três filhos, que têm mãe, também quer ser «pai» deles: se o conseguir, os ditos terão simultaneamente três «pais» legais: dois progenitores mais um falso pai. Se a mãe voltar a casar com um homem, ainda podem ter quatro: uma mãe e três «pais»!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E se dois homens casados quiserem adoptar um órfão? Não é possível, porque a lei não o permite. Que fazer? Basta dar prioridade ao «interesse da criança», em detrimento da «ideia antiga» de que a adopção deve imitar a «reprodução biológica». Quer isto dizer que um menor deveria poder ser adoptado por um clube de futebol, por um rancho folclórico ou por uma esquadra da PSP. Genial, não é?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;E, ainda, se uma mulher quiser ter um filho, mas não casar? Não pode porque, segundo a actual legislação, a procriação medicamente assistida só é viável a pedido da mulher e do seu marido. Mas – contradizem os activistas da ideologia de género – é uma «violência» obrigar uma mulher a casar, ainda por cima com um homem, para que possa recorrer à fecundação artificial! Se for, também o será que, para casar ou conceber, precise de alguém… Se a geração é um direito individual, invente-se então a reprodução assexuada!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dois conceitos a distinguir: matrimónio e filiação. São cônjuges os casados, são progenitores os pais. O marido da mãe não é, necessariamente, o pai dos filhos dela, nem a mulher do pai é, por força, mãe da geração dele. Por isso, o marido da mãe que não é pai, é padrasto; e madrasta a mulher do pai, que não é mãe. Substituir padrasto ou madrasta por «pai» ou «mãe» é mentir ao filho sobre a sua identidade e filiação.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há quem entenda que é a competência parental que conta e não a consanguinidade. Mas então, a adopção deveria ser concedida a equipas de especialistas: quinze «pais» peritos em puericultura, culinária infantil, pedopsiquiatria, línguas estrangeiras e dança substituiriam, com vantagem, pai e mãe, ou duas «mães» ou «pais» menos versáteis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mais ainda: se é a competência que interessa e não o parentesco, então mesmo o filho do casal natural, pai e mãe à antiga portuguesa, não deveria ser dado aos seus progenitores, como exige a ideologia de cariz biologista, mas entregue ao Estado, que depois o adjudicaria aos que provassem ser os «pais» mais aptos. Assim sendo, todos os cidadãos portugueses que quisessem «ter» geração, mas não «ser» pais, deveriam provar as suas aptidões parentais em exames nacionais: ser-lhes-iam depois dadas as crianças disponíveis, consoante as suas notas. Logicamente, o primeiro classificado teria direito ao bebé do ano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Foi à revelia da vontade popular que Portugal entrou no restricto grupo dos países que apostaram na falsificação da família e do matrimónio naturais e, pelo menos 62% dos portugueses, não quer que casais do mesmo sexo possam adoptar menores.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os recém-nascidos têm direito à família de que e em que nasceram: ao pai e à mãe que os geraram. Só a sua inexistência, ou manifesta incapacidade, pode legitimar a sua substituição por pais adoptivos. Mas nunca dois «pais» ou duas «mães», um verdadeiro e outro falso, porque uma mãe não é outro pai, nem o pai uma outra mãe. Além do mais, o pai do filho de duas «mães», como a mãe do filho de dois «pais», não podem, nem devem, ser excluídos da relação parental.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta não é, apenas, mais uma causa fracturante, mas uma questão aberrante. A adopção por casais do mesmo sexo é contrária à dignidade humana e ao superior interesse das crianças. Contra este mal maior, há que defender, sempre, o bem do indefeso menor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-7458743547245757682?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7458743547245757682'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7458743547245757682'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/os-filhos-da-mentira-por-p-goncalo.html' title='Os Filhos da Mentira - por P. Gonçalo Portocarrero de Almada'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-2657277009914504789</id><published>2012-01-20T19:19:00.003Z</published><updated>2012-01-20T19:35:55.895Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Barrigas de aluguer'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nuno Serras Pereira'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Doutrina Social da Igreja (DSI)'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aborto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='pílula do dia seguinte'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='reprodução artificial'/><title type='text'>Produzem-se Crianças e Alugam-se Panças</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Grande parte do essencial sobre os problemas que os projectos de “legalização” das “barrigas de aluguer” implicam já foi descrito &lt;a href="http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/maternidade-de-substituicao-um.html"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2012-01-14T22:22:00Z&amp;amp;max-results=7"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/filhos-sem-pai-por-pedro-vaz-patto.html"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/barrigas-de-aluguer-por-catarina.html"&gt;aqui &lt;/a&gt;e, numa visão mais abrangente de toda a problemática da procriação artificial, &lt;a href="http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2009/01/cnecv-sobre-pma.html"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Neste texto quereria tão só chamar a atenção para alguns pontos que porventura ainda não foram aflorados, a propósito dos princípios ou absolutos éticos não negociáveis. Importa em primeiro lugar indicar que a actual crise económica e financeira é originada por uma corrupção ética e religiosa, como o Santo Padre tem repetido incansavelmente, que mina os fundamentos da sociedade civil e da comunidade política. Esta agressão violenta ao bem-comum, isto é, ao bem de todos e cada um – desde a sua concepção até à morte natural -, perpetrada por “leis” injustas e iníquas é alimentada por uma comunicação social perversa, e é aceite com resignação condescendente por uma grande maioria dos prelados, os quais parecem ter renunciado ao bom combate da Fé para se limitarem a adaptarem-se àquilo que julgam, erroneamente, inevitável; acresce que esses prelados parecem ter uma visão do estado como neutral (coisa aliás impossível), ignorando, as obrigações deste quer para com a Lei Natural quer para com a Religião verdadeira, isto é, o Catolicismo, como o ensina o Concílio Vaticano II (sim, o Vaticano II). Dá impressão que esses Pastores, achando embora que Jesus Cristo seja útil, não O consideram necessário e indispensável para uma organização social e política verdadeiramente humana. Não, evidentemente, através de qualquer imposição mas sim de proposta pública testemunhando explicitamente a Fé juntamente com a argumentação racional. Só Jesus Cristo revela plenamente o homem a si mesmo, torna perceptíveis todas as exigências da Lei Natural, bem como incute o desejo de a cumprir e comunica a força, a Graça, para a poder realizar na sua totalidade. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nas últimas eleições legislativas não estava somente em jogo o futuro económico e financeiro da nação portuguesa mas principalmente a rejeição de um caminho suicida, cruel e desumano manifesto na liberalização do aborto, na “lei” da falsamente intitulada PMA, do divórcio expresso sem culpa, do imprópria e absurdamente chamado “casamento” de pessoas do mesmo sexo, da imposição totalitária de uma degradação sexual, mascarada de educação, nas escolas, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É inteiramente indecoroso e detestável que os partidos que agora têm maioria absoluta na assembleia da república nada façam para derrogar aquelas deformidades legislativas e monstruosidades inumanas. Antes se mostrem indulgentes ou se conformem ou as queiram intensificar, como agora mais uma vez se verifica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O psd admite, em certas circunstâncias, o arrendamento de panças para crianças fabricadas por tecnocratas em gélidos laboratórios sem querer ver os espezinhamento da transcendente dignidade da pessoa humana quer no bebé produzido quer na hospedeira. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O cds fez-nos hoje chegar esta nota extraordinariamente hipócrita e relativista:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“1 – O CDS não terá projeto próprio nesta matéria, não só porque a nossa prioridade é a resolução dos difíceis problemas financeiros e económicos de Portugal, como, porque entendemos que há uma lei, a de 2006, que, globalmente, aponta para a PMA como um tratamento contra a infertilidade que pode e deve ser concretizada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;2 – A Direção do Partido tem uma posição negativa sobre projetos de lei que abordam temas sensíveis e sobre valores importantes em sociedade, sem o necessário cuidado técnico e rigor científico. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;3 – A Direção do CDS transmitiu aos Deputados do Partido que projetos de lei que pretendam transformar a PMA, não numa opção subsidiária e certificada de tratamento contra a infertilidade, que é um problema que atinge muitos casais – essa sim uma ótica humanista – mas numa prática corrente e generalizada, não contribuem para uma visão equilibrada nesta matéria. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;4 – Na exata medida em que a questão da PMA não consta do último Programa Eleitoral do CDS, que foi muito focado na situação de emergência financeira e económica do País, a Direção reconhece o direito de cada Deputado fazer uma avaliação própria dos projetos de lei e agir em conformidade.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Note-se que no primeiro ponto o partido começa por mentir ao afirmar que a lei da PMA de 2006 trata a infertilidade o que é manifestamente falso porque limita-se a recorrer a uns &lt;a href="http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2009/01/cnecv-sobre-pma.html"&gt;processos de substituição&lt;/a&gt; deixando que a pessoa infértil o continue a ser. Em segundo lugar, mais grave ainda, o partido dá o seu acordo pleno a que tal “lei” deva ser concretizada, com todo o cortejo imenso de vítimas inocentes e eminentemente vulneráveis que isso implica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;No número dois, este partido afirma que a resolução de projectos de lei sobre temas sensíveis e sobre valores importantes para a sociedade passa somente pelo cuidado técnico e pelo rigor científico, ignorando por completo a necessidade da justiça e por isso da ética como critério de discernimento e de decisão. Finalmente no número 4 o cds mostra de novo que é um partido sem princípios, que não cuida do bem-comum, nem tem em conta a verdade, pois concede aos deputados uma avaliação subjectivista dos projectos juntamente com a consequente acção em conformidade. E assim procura lavar as mãos, tentando agradar a gregos e a troianos. Experimente-se aplicar a lógica subjacente a este texto não a pessoas humanas na sua fase embrionária mas a judeus adultos e logo se topará a malícia intrinsecamente perversa desta posição oficial do cds.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Já em 2004 adverti &lt;a href="http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/medonho.html"&gt;aqui &lt;/a&gt;e &lt;a href="http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/medonho.html"&gt;aqui &lt;/a&gt;para a iníqua subversão total dos partidos políticos com assento na Assembleia da República. Os partidos que nos primeiros anos defendiam os valores e princípios inegociáveis, há muito que o deixaram de fazer, embora se apresentem aos eleitores como mais restritivos que os outros mais à esquerda. Mas essa limitação com o tempo tem-se vindo a tornar mais e mais elástica. Claramente se verifica que não passa de uma armadilha para captar o voto dos cristãos e demais homens de boa vontade. E nós, imbecis, temos caído de esparrela em esparrela, e com o intuito de evitar o pior caímos insensivelmente no abismo que queríamos evitar com horror quando era apresentado pelos partidos tidos como mais radicais. O que esses partidos não lograram por si conseguiram-no através daqueles a quem temos vindo a dar o voto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;br  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Ora é tempo de tomarmos consciência de que actualmente há uma só maneira de evitar que isto continue, se queremos ser fiéis à Doutrina do Magistério da Igreja, coerentes com a sua Doutrina Social, consistentes com uma consciência bem formada e acima de tudo obedientes ao Amor devido a Deus e a todos os homens, a quem temos por próximos, a saber, os católicos que andam espalhados pelos partidos actuais cumpliciando-se pelo voto e demais tipos de cooperação devem deixá-los e formar um novo partido credível. Não se trata de fundar um partido Católico ou Cristão mas sim de um partido constituído por Cristãos, Católicos ou não, e demais homens de boa vontade que acolham integralmente os princípios inegociáveis. Tudo o resto é pensar à maneira dos homens e não de Deus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br face="georgia"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Já agora e até como complemento ao que escrevi deixem-me sugerir-vos um livro precioso: &lt;a href="http://www.ibs.it/code/9788882725334/crepaldi-giampaolo/cattolico-in-politica-breve.html"&gt;Giampaolo Crepaldi, Il Cattolico in Politica (manuale per la Ripresa), Prefazione del Cardinale Angelo Bagnasco, Cantagalli, Siena Settembre 2010, 235 pp&lt;/a&gt;. O autor é Arcebispo-Bispo de Trieste e Presidente do Obsevatório Internacional Cardeal Van Thuân sobre a Doutrina social da Igreja. É brilhante, claríssimo, conciso, eficaz e corajoso. Depois de ter lido milhares e milhares de páginas sobre a Doutrina social da Igreja posso dizer que nunca encontrei uma síntese tão excelente, tão vibrante e tão urgente como esta. É muito aconselhável não só para políticos mas para todos os católicos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Nuno Serras Pereira&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20. 01. 2012&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-2657277009914504789?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/2657277009914504789'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/2657277009914504789'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/produzem-se-criancas-e-alugam-se-pancas.html' title='Produzem-se Crianças e Alugam-se Panças'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-7674064643710076890</id><published>2012-01-20T18:19:00.000Z</published><updated>2012-01-20T18:20:43.065Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nuno Serras Pereira'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='pílula do dia seguinte'/><title type='text'>Obrigatoriedade de Participar em Homicídios no Dia Seguinte</title><content type='html'>16. 02. 2004&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Os Jornais Público e Expresso (14. 02. 2004) noticiam um acordo, formado entre os partidos da maioria e o Governo, sobre a obrigatoriedade das Farmácias dispensarem a pílula do dia seguinte (PDS). Esta medida contida numa resolução a ser aprovada no dia 3 de Março, inscrever-se-ia nas medidas de combate das causas do aborto, “a montante”. Assim se procura reforçar a afirmação, proporcionada nas sessões de esclarecimento efectuadas pela APF e quejandos nos Centros de Saúde e nas escolas - com patrocínios abundantes deste Governo - de que esta pílula diminui o número de abortos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como demonstrei longamente noutros artigos (Cf, por ex., Nuno Serras Pereira, A Pílula do Dia Seguinte, 16. 09. 2002) estamos perante uma fraude letal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em brevíssimas palavras, a má-fé mortífera consiste no seguinte: primeiro, estabelece-se arbitrariamente que a gravidez começa não na fecundação, mas sim na nidação; depois, define-se o aborto provocado - isto é, a morte deliberada e directa, independentemente da forma como é realizada, de um ser humano na fase inicial da sua existência, que vai da concepção ao nascimento - como “interrupção voluntária da gravidez”; finalmente, conclui-se que a PDS não é abortiva, uma vez que, ao impedir a implantação (ou nidação) do ser humano, na sua fase embrionária, na parede do útero da mãe, não “interrompe” a gravidez, nos termos em que abusivamente a definiram. A perfídia é evidente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta pílula homicida, que segundo parece é comparticipada pelo Estado (por todos nós!), foi introduzida em Portugal pelo Ministério da Saúde do Governo de António Guterres, através do INFARMED. O Governo de Durão Barroso e Paulo Portas tem mantido, de consciência sossegada, a continuação do genocídio. Alguém já se deu ao cuidado de calcular as centenas de milhares de seres humanos, na sua fase embrionária, que podem ter sido liquidados por este processo? A indiferença é geral, quase universal, mesmo entre os pró vida, mesmo nalguma Igreja... Não digo bem, falta aqui alguma precisão, algum rigor porque há uma massa de gente, os necrófilos abortófilos, nada alheia, mas que, muito pelo contrário, na sua avidez, não descansam enquanto não virem a PDS mais espalhada ainda. É a isto que estamos a assistir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta maioria quer ir mais longe do que a anterior. Onde a outra, ao menos, parava diante da objecção de consciência, esta avança temerária não só para matar, mas para forçar a que os outros o façam também. E por isso quer decidir, a ser verdade o que é noticiado, que todas as Farmácias, mesmo que os seus proprietários sejam objectores de consciência, sejam obrigadas a dispensar a pílula lúgubre e letífera.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se o Primeiro-ministro insiste tanto, como se não houvesse argumentos de muito maior peso..., na promessa eleitoral de respeitar o Referendo de 1998 sobre o aborto, então terá de retirar imediatamente a PDS de circulação, uma vez que a venda e distribuição desta substância farmacológica manifestamente contraria o resultado dessa consulta popular.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right; font-style: italic;"&gt;Nuno Serras Pereira&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-7674064643710076890?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7674064643710076890'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7674064643710076890'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/obrigatoriedade-de-participar-em.html' title='Obrigatoriedade de Participar em Homicídios no Dia Seguinte'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-7597203148123650737</id><published>2012-01-20T18:14:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-20T18:16:49.689Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nuno Serras Pereira'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aborto'/><title type='text'>Medonho!</title><content type='html'>18. 02. 2004&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;A conferência de imprensa da “maioria”, ontem na Assembleia da Republica, confirmando as mais negras expectativas tirou todas as dúvidas a quem as ainda tivesse. Não há um único partido com assento parlamentar que não seja favorável ao homicídio/aborto. Desde as exigências de cumprimento da lei 6/84, à universalização obrigatória dos contraceptivos e abortivos precoces, passando pela “educação” sexual nas escolas (Este assunto não está inteiramente claro. Os do PSD disseram que haverá uma disciplina obrigatória; os do CDS adiantaram que não. Depois, não explicaram se esta disciplina se acrescenta ou não ao modelo da transversalidade, legislado em 1999, como propôs a APF, ou se essa lei cai) e desembocando na possibilidade de abortamentos nas “clínicas” privadas tudo, mesmo tudo, está feito para promover o aborto, para apostar no aumento exponencial do seu número. Era difícil fazer pior. Num certo sentido pode-se considerar que os efeitos daqui derivantes são mais nefastos do que se fossem aprovadas as propostas do BE, do PCP e do PS contra um PSD e um CDS/PP, enquanto partidos (uma vez que alguns deputados poderiam “escorregar”), firmes na sua oposição total ao aborto, mais alguns deputados de boa-vontade de qualquer outra bancada. Não é agora aqui o lugar de dar as razões desta hipótese. Importa sim abrirmos os olhos e “não nos deixar-mos comer por parvos”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em apenas 20 anos o panorama político e cultural mudou radicalmente em Portugal. Em 1984, Manin Roquete liderou uma campanha de assinaturas contra a “lei” que veio a ser aprovada, que recolheu mais de 830.000 (oitocentas e trinta mil) mil assinaturas, de cidadãos maiores de 18 anos, as quais foram entregues na Assembleia da Republica. Tínhamos então praticamente toda a comunicação social contra nós. Não era possível, por exemplo, escutar um pró vida na TV ou assistir a um debate com ambas as partes. O grande responsável pela introdução da despenalização do homicídio/aborto em Portugal foi Mário Soares, então Primeiro-ministro e líder do PS. Este famoso abortófilo contínua a apoiar a liberalização do homicídio/aborto e votou recentemente no Parlamento Europeu o financiamento da investigação em células estaminais embrionárias, isto é, de investigações que implicam a destruição de inumeráveis seres humanos na sua fase embrionária. Ele é, pois, sem dúvida alguma, o Pai da tirania e do totalitarismo que hoje se vivem em Portugal.   Se isto aqui se lembra é também para estranhar que o “magistério” deste notório abortista pareça ter um peso maior, em tantos fiéis leigos e mesmo em pastores, que o Magistério do Papa João Paulo II. À tal “lei” de 1984 se opuseram veementemente aqueles que agora a querem ver rigorosamente cumprida, o PSD e o CDS! Por outro lado, segundo as sondagens, 86% da população portuguesa é, actualmente, favorável a essa violência, então repudiada pela esmagadora maioria do povo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eu creio que, entre outros, a Igreja tem graves culpas na situação actual. É verdade que ninguém como ela em Portugal tem lutado contra o aborto, mas isso não invalida que pudesse, de facto, ter feito imensamente mais, tendo assim pecado por omissão, e nunca devesse ter feito algumas coisas que realizou, tendo assim pecado por acção. Afinal, muitos dos seus filhos têm gravíssimas responsabilidades na promoção do abortismo. Julgo, pois, que importa realizar um sério exame de consciência, sem medos, que nos leve a uma conversão maior ao Evangelho da Vida, isto é, a Jesus Cristo, nossa Vida.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sinto mesmo que seria muito interessante que se convocasse uma jornada nacional de oração e jejum em reparação e como penitência dos nossos pecados relacionados com a defesa da vida. Um pedido público de perdão agradaria, seguramente, ao nosso Papa que nos deixou o exemplo. Também algo de semelhante se fez nalgumas Dioceses dos USA aquando dos escândalos de abusos de menores por alguns sacerdotes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Será, ainda, necessário, e desde já, caso não se venha a liberalizar o aborto a 3 de Março – há sempre a possibilidade de alguma surpresa -, começar a preparar o próximo referendo que se adivinha. Mas isso é tema para um outro artigo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entretanto chorem os nossos olhos dia e noite lágrimas sem fim, porque uma perversão atroz putrefaz a alma do nosso povo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Nuno Serras Pereira&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-7597203148123650737?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7597203148123650737'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7597203148123650737'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/medonho.html' title='Medonho!'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-3581530233864489242</id><published>2012-01-20T12:52:00.004Z</published><updated>2012-01-20T12:58:53.825Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Barrigas de aluguer'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Procriação artificial'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bioética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maternidade'/><title type='text'>Barrigas de Aluguer - por Catarina Nicolau Campos</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:georgia;font-size:85%;"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;In &lt;a href="http://senzapagare.blogspot.com/2012/01/barrigas-de-aluguer-catarina-nicolau.html"&gt;Senza&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;18. 01 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Assim como chove lá fora, hoje também chove no meu coração.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"  &gt;No mesmo dia, ouve-se nas notícias que muitas crianças que são adoptadas são devolvidas às instituições de acolhimento por terem más notas, e ouve-se também que o partido do governo planeia avançar com as barrigas de aluguer em Portugal. Ora o aluguer, como aprendi na faculdade de Direito, é uma forma de locação, quando esta incide sobre coisa móvel. E por locação entende-se o contrato pelo qual uma das partes se obriga a proporcionar à outra o gozo temporário de uma coisa, mediante retribuição. Só por isto poderíamos dizer, Dr. Passos Coelho: as barrigas não se alugam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"  &gt;Mas a questão é bem mais radical. Em Agosto de 2010 soube que estava à espera da minha filha. À espera não, porque na verdade ela já lá estava bem presente, e na segunda ecografia, com 8 semanas e picos, o coraçãozinho da Pilar já era bem audível, para sorriso rasgado do Pai e lágrimas descontroladas da Mãe. Durante 9 meses de enjoos, infecções sem fim, mais 26 quilos, noites sem dormir, dias inteiros só a dormir, aprendi a conviver com a minha bebé. Aprendi que sempre que ouvia os acordes de uma guitarra portuguesa, a Pilar saltava de alegria. E por isso, ao longo de 9 meses, muitas guitarradas lhe foram dedicadas. Aprendi que, sempre que me virava para dormir do lado direito, subia escadas a correr ou me enervava, a Pilar dava pontapés de insatisfação e só eu sabia disso, eu, a sua Mãe. Geri toda a alimentação para que nada lhe fizesse mal, porque uma Mãe quer o melhor para os seus filhos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"  &gt;A barriga cresceu, o resto também, e ao fim de 9 meses percebi a relação íntima que uma mulher tem com o seu útero. E depois de uma cesariana, ficaram ainda mais visíveis as marcas físicas da passagem do ser maravilhoso que é a nossa filha pelo meu corpo. Meu corpo? Meu não, dela, porque o meu útero foi feito para lá estarem os meus filhos, e o meu peito para os amamentar. Nós mulheres, somos veículos de Vida. E quando a Pilar nasceu, acalmava-se quando a encostava ao meu coração, porque estes foram os batimentos que ela se habituou a ouvir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"  &gt;A Pilar conhecia o meu cheiro e por isso, (e passados 8 meses ainda é assim), não há colo como o da Mãe. E esta relação de cumplicidade, esta experiência, única e irrepetível, não se aluga, nem se compra. Assim como não se alugam e não se compram os bebés. A partir do momento em que tratamos as crianças como meros objectos, coisas, para preencher um vazio numa relação, para completar a fotografia de família ou apenas porque lhes apetece ter algo para entreter, temos crianças adoptadas que são devolvidas às instituições porque, simplesmente, não tiveram boas notas, como se fossem cães que não tivessem atingido o objectivo dos seu treinadores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"  &gt;Assim, hoje, por estas crianças, e pelas que não nasceram porque não lhes foi dada sequer a oportunidade de viver, chove no meu coração.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:georgia;font-size:85%;"  &gt;&lt;br style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-3581530233864489242?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/3581530233864489242'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/3581530233864489242'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/barrigas-de-aluguer-por-catarina.html' title='Barrigas de Aluguer - por Catarina Nicolau Campos'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-7729752369448793984</id><published>2012-01-18T19:23:00.003Z</published><updated>2012-01-18T19:30:48.352Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Moral'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Homossexualidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Casamento'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ideologia do Género'/><title type='text'>The Gay Invention - Homosexuality Is a Linguistic as Well as a Moral Error - by R. V. Young</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=18-10-036-f"&gt;Touchstone&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; For thousands of years, until the late 1800s, our ancestors were completely oblivious to the existence of a fundamentally distinct class of human beings. Indeed, during the long period of Greco-Roman antiquity and more than a millennium and a half of Christian civilization, man did not even have a name for this class.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Or so asserts an almost universal assumption fixed in the language almost everyone uses: that “heterosexuals” and “homosexuals” are two permanently and innately different kinds of human being, and that “sexual orientation” constitutes a difference comparable to the difference between male and female. Widespread acceptance of “homosexuality” and associated terms thus biases discussion of the subject before an argument is even formulated.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; text-decoration: none; border: medium none;"&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Terms Lacking&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; What might be called the philological evidence calls this notion into question. If it were true, someone would long ago have given this class a name. That no one did until very recently suggests that the notion is not true.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; In the first footnote of the first chapter of &lt;em&gt; Greek Homosexuality,&lt;/em&gt; which is generally regarded as the definitive treatment of its subject, Oxford classical scholar K. J. Dover points out that the ancient Greek language “has no nouns corresponding to the English nouns ‘a homosexual’ and ‘a heterosexual’.” Such an observation would seem to call for more notice than is accorded by a single short footnote, but even the apparent concession is misleading, insofar as it suggests that the absence of these terms is a peculiarity of Greek.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="overflow: hidden; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: left; text-decoration: none; border: medium none;"&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; In fact, Latin also lacks these terms and the same is true of Old and Middle English. Among modern European languages the word that corresponds to the English “homosexual” is generally a variant on the same word: in Spanish &lt;em&gt; homosexual&lt;/em&gt; and in Dutch &lt;em&gt; homoseksueel&lt;/em&gt;, for example. German also offers &lt;em&gt; gleichgeschlechtlich&lt;/em&gt;, which is simply a combination of two Germanic roots, &lt;em&gt; gleich&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt; Geschlecht&lt;/em&gt;, that correspond to the Greek (&lt;em&gt;homo&lt;/em&gt; = &lt;em&gt; same&lt;/em&gt;) and Latin (&lt;em&gt;sexus&lt;/em&gt; = &lt;em&gt; sex&lt;/em&gt;) of the English word.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; This English word is itself a very recent coinage. According to the &lt;em&gt; Oxford English Dictionary,&lt;/em&gt; both “homosexual” and “homosexuality” first appeared in English in 1892, along with “heterosexual” and “heterosexuality,” in an English translation of Richard von Kraft-Ebing’s &lt;em&gt; Psychopathologia Sexualis&lt;/em&gt; (1886) and turn up again five years later in &lt;span style="border: 0pt none; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse; clear: none; float: none; outline: medium none; position: relative; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; text-decoration: none; cursor: url(&amp;quot;http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png&amp;quot;), default;" class="" id="apture_prvw1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=18-10-036-f#" style="border-width: 0pt 0pt 1px; border-style: none none dotted; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 102, 204); -moz-border-top-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; padding: 1px; margin: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse; clear: none; float: none; outline: medium none; position: relative; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; text-decoration: none; cursor: url(&amp;quot;http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png&amp;quot;), default; color: inherit; top: -1px; border-radius: 2px 2px 2px 2px;" class=" snap_noshots"&gt;&lt;span style="border-width: 0pt 0pt 1px; border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 102, 204); -moz-border-top-colors: none; -moz-border-right-colors: none; -moz-border-bottom-colors: none; -moz-border-left-colors: none; -moz-border-image: none; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse; clear: none; float: none; outline: medium none; position: absolute; display: inline-block; width: 0%; height: 100%; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 2px 2px 2px 2px; cursor: url(&amp;quot;http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png&amp;quot;), default; background-color: rgb(224, 230, 236); left: 0pt; top: 0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="border: 0pt none; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse; clear: none; float: none; outline: medium none; position: relative; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; text-decoration: none; cursor: url(&amp;quot;http://cdn.apture.com/media/imgs/crsr/socialLink.png&amp;quot;), default; left: 0px; top: 1px;"&gt;Havelock Ellis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="border: 0pt none; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse; clear: none; float: none; outline: medium none; position: static; display: inline; width: auto; height: auto; text-decoration: none; line-height: 1px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;’s &lt;em&gt; Studies in the Psychology of Sex&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; In other words, only in the late nineteenth century, when physicians began discussing sexual perversion as a medical rather than a moral problem in Latin treatises intended only for the learned and required a neutral, clinical term, was there a perceived need to refer to “homosexuality.” Moreover, it is not at all clear that the originators of the term had precisely in mind what is usually meant by “homosexuality” in contemporary parlance.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Kraft-Ebing, for example, does not write a separate chapter on this subject (Ellis, however, does); same-sex attraction is rather an attribute or additional characteristic of other specific activities—regarded by Kraft-Ebing as abuses of the sexual organs and the pleasure associated with erotic stimulation. Ellis says that the term actually originated in 1869 with an obscure Hungarian doctor, Benkert (or Kertbeny), and endorses its use because “its significance—sexual attraction to the same sex—is fairly clear and definite, while it is free of any question-begging association of either favorable or unfavorable character.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; The Greek Example&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Contemporary advocates of “homosexuality” often invoke the Greek example to make acts of sodomy seem acceptable or even normal. They assume that the Greeks believed in “homosexuality” in the modern sense because some Greeks praised the erotic relations of men and boys; they read the Greeks as if they were modern Americans or Europeans.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Of course our ancestors were quite aware of what are now called “homosexual” acts or behavior. Latin and Greek are both rich in words that designate the penetrating member and the penetrated orifices, as well as the active and passive participants. Interested readers may find in J. N. Adams’s &lt;em&gt; The Latin Sexual Vocabulary &lt;/em&gt;an abundance of such terms (usually with Greek counterparts). Almost all of them are obscene as well as pejorative, and their usage is almost always in a context of coarse humor or insult.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Clear verbal distinctions are drawn between those who take the active, male role and those who assume the passive female role; men who submit in the latter fashion are almost universally regarded with contempt, since they are ordinarily slaves or male prostitutes. The only real exception seems to come in the ancient Greek city-states with the pubescent boy (&lt;em&gt;eromenos&lt;/em&gt;) who is the beloved of an older man (&lt;em&gt;erastes&lt;/em&gt;), who is ideally a kind of intellectual mentor as well as lover to the youth.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; This situation is discussed at length in Plato’s &lt;em&gt; Symposium&lt;/em&gt; (discussed in more detail shortly), and this is the principal cultural phenomenon that provides Dover the opportunity to give a generally favorable account of “Greek homosexuality.” But his account undermines the claim implied in the title of his book. He begins his study by defining “homosexuality” as “the disposition to seek sensory pleasure through bodily contact with persons of one’s own sex in preference to contact with the other sex.” “Disposition” suggests a condition considerably less permanent or innate than the term “sexual orientation,” which has become a fixture in current discourse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Still more revealing is Dover’s rationalization of the absence of a Greek word for “homosexual” in that first, uncomfortable footnote. The Greeks, he wrote, “assumed . . . that (a) virtually everyone responds at different times both to homosexual and to heterosexual stimuli, and (b) virtually no male both penetrates other males and submits to penetration by other males at the same stage in his life.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; This explanation amounts to an admission that the ancient Greeks did not recognize the existence of the permanent “homosexual orientation” that is nowadays taken as a given: “Since the reciprocal desire of partners belonging to the same age-category is virtually unknown in Greek homosexuality,” Dover remarks, “the distinction between the bodily activity of the one who has fallen in love and the bodily passivity of the one with whom he has fallen in love is of the highest importance.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; In a very defensive “Postscript” to the 1989 edition, Dover feels constrained to defend “my inclination to treat homosexuality as ‘quasi-sexuality’ or ‘pseudo-sexuality’. My reasoning was simple: we have the word ‘sex’ because there is more than one sex, definable in terms of reproductive function, and I accordingly use ‘sexual’ to mean ‘having to do with (difference of) sex’.” This acknowledgment that “heterosexual” and “homosexual” are incommensurable with “male” and “female” or “man” and “woman” practically dismantles the significance of Dover’s title.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Not Socrates&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Plato’s &lt;em&gt; Symposium&lt;/em&gt; is the most prominent work that seems to provide evidence for the notion that “homosexuality” was a normal and accepted aspect of ancient Greek society, since all but one of the characters in the dialogue gives a speech in praise of the god of love (&lt;em&gt;Eros&lt;/em&gt;) and specifically designates pederasty, the desire of a man for a youth, as the ultimate expression of love.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; The speech attributed to the comic playwright Aristophanes even suggests that “sexual orientation” is a permanent feature of human beings, since desire is, literally, a longing to be reunited with our “other half.” Human beings were once, he says, creatures with four legs and four arms, two faces and two sets of genitals, and so on. Anxious about the threat of such formidable creatures, Zeus used his thunderbolts to split them in half, creating men and women as we know them now.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; If one’s other half were of the opposite sex in this mythical past, then he desires physical intimacy with a member of the opposite sex; but if one’s other half were of the same sex, then union with the opposite sex fails to satisfy. It is difficult to judge the tone and import of this myth, especially as Aristophanes disparaged Plato’s mentor Socrates in his comedy, the &lt;em&gt; Clouds&lt;/em&gt;; but in any case it hardly constitutes a philosophical endorsement of same-sex erotic relationships.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; There are, however, substantial reasons for finding the status of “homosexuality” in the &lt;em&gt; Symposium&lt;/em&gt; problematic. The dialogue is set at a dinner party celebrating Agathon’s victory in the Athenian tragedy competition. The guests are all artists and intellectuals—hardly a representative sample of moral opinion in fifth-century B.C. Athens.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Moreover, the one speaker who does not praise &lt;em&gt; Eros&lt;/em&gt; as the inspiration of “boy-love” (&lt;em&gt;paiderastia&lt;/em&gt;) is Socrates. Having declared himself incapable of matching the splendidly rhetorical speeches of the others, he instead expounds the wisdom of the “prophetess” Diotima (a nicely ironic touch, since so many of the other speakers admit to preferring boys because they find women so contemptible). According to her, Socrates says, the desire aroused by the sight of a beautiful body should lead us to seek not physical gratification, but rather the beauty of the soul, of which the body is merely an ephemeral expression, and this in turn should lead us up the steps of the “ladder of love” until we contemplate the Idea of the Beautiful itself.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; A “Platonic relationship” is thus a spiritual affection, not a carnal satisfaction. The drunken tirade of the latecomer Alcibiades, which brings the dialogue to a close, ruefully upbraids Socrates for having refused his effort at seduction, thus making the point about Socrates’ chastity clear for anyone who has missed it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Yet the most revealing qualification of the praise of boy-love in the &lt;em&gt; Symposium&lt;/em&gt; is not Socrates’ exaltation of the idea of purely spiritual love, but a digressive comment in the discourse of the sophist Pausanias who, having denigrated the love of women and even of immature boys, concedes that even in Athens not everyone is happy about erotic relationships between men and youths. If a man finds out that another man seeks to become the lover of his son, Pausanias complains, the father puts the boy in the charge of a tutor who is instructed to keep the lover away. If the other boys find out about it, they ridicule the one who has drawn the attraction of the older man.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Thus even in Athens many men are uneasy about pederasty, failing to distinguish between the mere sensual indulgence of the followers of the “earthly Aphrodite” and the gratification of a virtuous lover, a follower of the “heavenly Aphrodite,” who really has the boy’s interest at heart. Given the genuinely transcendent vision of love offered by Socrates later in the dialogue, it is hard to see Pausanias’s complaint as anything but a sample of ironically undercut special pleading.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; A Kind of Fornication&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Severe condemnation of any deviation from procreative sexuality seems, however, to have been in force in the ancient world only among the Hebrews, but it was incorporated into both the morality and the law of the Christian society emerging at the end of classical antiquity and became the standard view of the Western world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; On the basis of Genesis 19, Christians applied the term “sodomy” specifically to erotic acts between persons of the same sex. In his typically brisk, dispassionate style, St. Thomas Aquinas classifies “sodomitical vice” among “the species of lust contrary to nature,” and says that it is not quite so grave a sin as bestiality, but worse than the failure of a man and woman to observe “the proper manner of lying together.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; The worst form of this last is neglecting to observe the use of “the appropriate organ,” meaning the deposit of semen somewhere other than in the vagina rather than “some other disorder pertaining to the mode of copulation.” Obviously, sodomy between persons of the same sex is further down the scale of vice and a graver sin because it necessarily excludes the use of the proper organ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; St. Thomas thus points out that while even simple fornication is “against properly human nature, of which the act of generation is ordered to the appropriate education of children,” sodomy is “against the nature of every animal” because it is not aimed at generation at all. Nevertheless, actions today designated “homosexual” are for Thomas just one manifestation of lust among others; the commission of such sins, even the persistent desire to commit such sins, does not constitute a particular class of persons.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Writing for university theology students, St. Thomas is considerably more explicit on the subject than most Christian writers. The author of a fourteenth-century preacher’s manual, &lt;em&gt; Fasciculus Morum,&lt;/em&gt; calls sodomy a “diabolical sin against nature” and passes over it “with horror, leaving it for others to expound” and Chaucer’s Parson likewise calls it “thilke abhomynable synne, of which that no man unnethe oghte speke ne write.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Scriptural writers likewise tend to be reticent on the subject: The epistle of Jude, for example, refers to the sin of Sodom and Gomorrah as fornication and, in a curious circumlocution, the pursuit of “other flesh,” and in writing to the Ephesians St. Paul shrinks from mentioning “things . . . done by them in secret” that “it is a shame even to speak of.” This reluctance even to name or describe sodomy and other forms of lechery seems to undermine the argument that sodomy is of little consequence in the Bible because it is mentioned infrequently.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Although the lecherous act defined as sodomy is simply a sin like any other, its implications are grave, since in Romans St. Paul describes this particular sin as a punishment for the prior sin of unbelief, of a refusal to acknowledge God. From his perspective sodomy results not from an innate condition, “homosexuality,” but from faithlessness. Similarly, the popular argument that Paul meant that sodomy is only a sin when it is committed by those who are “not really homosexuals,” is (at best) problematic, since the authors of sacred Scripture, like the ancient Greeks and Romans, did not recognize the category, “homosexual,” for which they had no term.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; A Gay Argument&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; To be sure, some men and women who identify themselves as “gay” also reject the label “homosexual,” or are at least indifferent to it. This viewpoint is very much in evidence, for example, in the essays and excerpts collected under the title &lt;em&gt; Reclaiming Sodom,&lt;/em&gt; where we learn from Jonathan Ned Katz about the very different view of the matter in colonial New England:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; As sin, sodomy was an act “committed” or not “committed,” an     act (and inclination) for which one was “guilty” or “not guilty,” ashamed     or unashamed. As sin, the act of sodomy might be taught by “bad” example,     but no one thought (as did late-Victorian doctors) of distinguishing between “acquired” sodomy     and “congenital.” A sodomitical impulse was an inherent potential     of all fallen male descendants of Eve and Adam. Only in the twentieth century     would the doctors’ allegedly objective and scientific concept of “homosexuality” hide     the negative value judgment explicit in the colonial concept of sodomy as     a sin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; The candor of this passage is admirable even if one does not accept Katz’s belief that the attitudes of the New England Puritans toward sex are irrelevant to us. We study them, he asserts, because “perceiving our own sex and affection as a historical, socially constructed form we better understand the possibility of reconstructing it.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Similarly, on the book’s first page, the editor, Jonathan Goldberg, extols “the &lt;em&gt; productive&lt;/em&gt; role that sodomy has played and can play as a site of pleasures that are also refusals of normative categories” (emphasis in original). In other words, to engage in sodomy is a deliberate means of rejecting traditional moral standards, what Goldberg elsewhere calls “heteronormativity.” This attitude vindicates St. Paul’s assertion that “use which is against nature” is punishment for those “who changed the truth of God into a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; The “gay” liberation movement, like feminism, is a branch of the wider sexual revolution that depends upon the postulate that traditional morality is false and untenable because it assumes a stable human nature with corresponding norms of conduct—moral absolutes, in other words. Modern relativism has always maintained to the contrary that our “sexuality” is like every other human capacity and attitude, “constructed” by our social milieu; in Marxist terms it is an ideological “superstructure” arising from the inexorable evolution of the material “base.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Hence what we call our “nature” is really no more than a temporary accommodation to social pressures generated by the forces of the human environment; hence men commit sodomy not because they are innately “homosexual,” but because the peculiar configuration of their desires in relation to the dynamics of a particular historical moment drives them to it. Since “human nature” is limitlessly malleable, human institutions like “marriage” and “family” lack a specific essence, and we may attach these terms to any arrangements that currently suit our fancy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Katz and Goldberg, in other words, lay bare the hypocrisy of the claim that individuals are born with an innate and unchangeable “heterosexual” or “homosexual” orientation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Sex Has New Meaning&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; So our public language asserts the reality of “homosexuality” as a permanent condition, though there is little if anything in our history (Greek, Roman, and Christian) to justify the idea and even some “gay” theorists do not accept it. The imposition upon an ingenuous public of the terms “homosexual” and “heterosexual” required a prior bit of linguistic legerdemain, namely, the redefinition of “sex” and the displacement of its principal original function by the term “gender.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Latin provides the root (&lt;em&gt;sexus&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt; secus,&lt;/em&gt; probably from “cut” or “sever,” but more pertinently to “divide” or “halve”) for the English word “sex” and for its Romance language equivalents. Since the twentieth century, the word “sex” first evokes the specific notion of sexual intercourse and everything associated with it rather than the simple division of a species into male and female, or the division of humanity into men and women. “Sex” now means primarily an activity rather than a state of being, as in the awkward and ugly, but ubiquitous, phrase, “having sex” (of which the &lt;em&gt; OED&lt;/em&gt; attributes the first usage to D. H. Lawrence in 1929).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Once “sex” had acquired this new semantic profile, it became easier to substitute “gender” for “sex” as the denomination of the difference between male and female, man and woman. If the first change, however, was the gradual result of recreation replacing reproduction as the principal association of “sex” in Western culture, the introduction of “gender” as the differentiating term was deliberate and fraught with ideological baggage.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; The first edition of the &lt;em&gt; OED&lt;/em&gt; (1933) lists sporadic usages of “gender” for “sex” from the fourteenth through the nineteenth centuries, but notes that such usage is “now only &lt;em&gt; jocular&lt;/em&gt;.” The second edition (1989) adds this to the entry: “In mod. (esp. feminist) use a euphemism for the sex of a human being, often intended to emphasize the social and cultural, as opposed to the biological, distinctions between the sexes.” It gives 1963 as the date of the first such usage of “gender.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Before the sixties, “gender” was largely confined to marking the distinctions between “masculine,” “feminine,” and “neuter” nouns and pronouns in various languages. The gender of a noun is quite often purely arbitrary or, if you will, “socially constructed”; that is, there is no particular reason why the Spanish word for pen (&lt;em&gt;la pluma&lt;/em&gt;) is “feminine” while a pencil (&lt;em&gt;el lápiz&lt;/em&gt;) is “masculine.” Or why in Latin, French, and Spanish the hand (&lt;em&gt;manus&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt; la main&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt; la mano&lt;/em&gt;) is “feminine,” while the foot (&lt;em&gt;pes&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt; le pied&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt; el pie&lt;/em&gt;) is “masculine.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; The application of the term “gender” to the difference between men and women thus implies, without the argument ever being made, that the differential roles of men and women in family and society are as arbitrary as the gender of nouns. The routine use of “gender” to identify as men or women, test-takers, applicants for driver’s licenses and insurance policies, and virtually all those who fill out almost any kind of document marks the bureaucratic imposition of the feminist view of the sexes on society as a whole.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Manipulated Words&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Two linguistic developments over the past several decades have thus been effected by academic and media elites: “gender” has been substituted for “sex” as the designation of the distinction between men and women, and “homosexual” and “heterosexual” have been accepted as legitimate terms for distinguishable classes of persons.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; The first development provides an official linguistic approval for the feminist notion that distinctions between men and women are based, not on the intrinsic nature of humankind, but on arbitrary social constructs. The second, conversely, asserts that the compulsion to commit sodomy results not from any disorder, moral, spiritual, or psychological, but from an inherent “homosexual” nature. Apart from the obvious contradiction, further ironies are involved in these verbal manipulations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; If “sex” is understood in its proper sense, then “homosexual” and “heterosexual” are senseless words. Etymologically, “sex” means the “difference” or “division” that makes men and women separate and complementary. To link the unique Latin word &lt;em&gt; sexus&lt;/em&gt; with the Greek word for “same” is a contradiction in terms—an unnatural verbal conjunction. “Heterosexual,” on the other hand, is tautological: Sex, by definition, requires someone “other” or “different.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Former President Clinton was technically correct in denying that he “had sex with that woman.” What he was doing with Monica Lewinski did not require a woman, or even another human being. Orgasm can be reached by a variety of means, but only a man and a woman can engage in actual &lt;em&gt; sexual&lt;/em&gt; intercourse and transform the physical difference into conjugal love: face-to-face in the much-maligned “missionary position,” mutually acknowledging the personal identity of each spouse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; “Homosexual” and “heterosexual” can only make even a modicum of sense if “sex” means nothing more than carnal coupling in its myriad ways and is no longer associated with the natural complementary relation of men and women. To have recourse to this definition is, however, to rely on the social-constructivist relativism that drives the sexual revolution, which is an absurd basis for the assertion that “homosexuality” is an innate condition.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; To deny that marriage is natural does not make the contrary alternatives “natural” in its stead (to assert thus is to commit the logical fallacy of affirming the consequent). If marriage is not natural, then nothing is, and the claim that a man is “homosexual” &lt;em&gt; by nature&lt;/em&gt; undermines the very basis on which the term has been erected, because if “sex” is no more than erotic acts and urges, nothing permanent or intrinsic can be built on the shifting sands of “gender.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; Given the sinfulness of our nature and the mysterious blend of genetic features and external influences that shapes the specific character of particular human beings, it is probable that some individuals are, in fact, born with erotic proclivities toward persons of the same sex (or, for that matter, towards children or beasts or random promiscuity). Nevertheless, compulsive behavior arising from peculiar inclinations is not an adequate basis for establishing social institutions, much less for threatening those upon which society has long depended.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; While men and women who are possessed by an urge to commit sodomy with others of the same sex should always be treated with justice and charity, they should not be allowed to determine the norms of moral discourse.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Reasonable Words&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; The words in which we express our ideas have consequences. To insist that words be used rationally and consistently is a first small step toward recovering moral reason. We should, therefore, refuse to accept “gender” as a relativistic substitute for the fundamental difference indicated by “sex,” while the latter term is expropriated to mean any kind of physical coupling. Above all, we should not acquiesce in the labels “heterosexual” and “homosexual,” when we are referring to men and women.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; To concede the validity of such linguistic novelties is to allow the ideologues of the sexual revolution to control the terms of the debate. “Male” and “female,” “masculine” and “feminine,” designate normative components of actual human nature: anatomical, physiological, affective, and rational.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; “Homosexuality” is now used to suggest that numerous urges and actions that deviate from these norms hold equivalent status as an element of human nature, but the peculiar use of a natural organ or faculty does not change its nature. A man can walk around on his hands, but that does not turn hands into feet; and society ought not to be obliged to redesign sidewalks and staircases to accommodate compulsive “handwalkers” (&lt;em&gt;manambulants&lt;/em&gt;?), even if they are born with the inclination.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; No really existing class of persons of a specific, distinct nature corresponds to the word “homosexual” in the way that men and women are distinct, complementary kinds of human being. A claim for specific “homosexual rights” is, therefore, frivolous, and the word is merely an ideological construct aimed at undermining the sexual norms inscribed in human nature. &amp;amp;38226;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;   &lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;The references are, in order, to: K. J. Dover’s &lt;/em&gt;Greek Homosexuality &lt;em&gt;(Harvard University Press, 1978 &amp;amp; 1989); Plato’s &lt;/em&gt;Symposium &lt;em&gt;189c–193d (Aristophanes), 198b–212b (Diotima), 180d–183e (Pausanias); St. Thomas Aquinas’s &lt;/em&gt;Summa Theologicae &lt;em&gt;II 154 11 &amp;amp; 12 ad 4 and &lt;/em&gt;De Malo &lt;em&gt;XV ad 7; Fasciculus Morum VII.Xi; Chaucer X.909; &lt;/em&gt;Reclaiming Sodom, &lt;em&gt;edited by Jonathan Goldberg (Routledge, 1994), pp. 49, 58, and 1; &lt;/em&gt;Symposium &lt;em&gt;190b.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;hr style="height: 4px;"&gt;       &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Sex with a Difference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;                &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;While the appropriation of “sex” as             a generic term for erotic activity only takes hold in the twentieth             century, John Donne’s &lt;em&gt; Songs &amp;amp; Sonets&lt;/em&gt; deploys the word in ways that sound suspiciously modern. The speaker of “The Extasie,” for example, assures his beloved that the origin of their love is “not sexe,” which could be taken as a term for erotic gratification. The usage of the word in “The Relique,” however, suggests that there is more to it than that: “Difference of sex no more we knew,/ Then our Guardian Angells doe.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;         &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;Although for Donne and his seventeenth-century             readers, “sex” has erotic overtones, it is anchored in “difference of sex.” The complexity of the concept of sex—the way it sets carnal coupling in a context of the natural division of men and women—emerges in another Donne lyric, “The Primrose”:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;         &lt;blockquote&gt;           &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;             For should my true-Love lesse then woman bee,&lt;br /&gt;            She were scarce any thing; and then,             should she&lt;br /&gt;            Be more then woman, shee would get above&lt;br /&gt;            All thought of sexe, and thinke to             move&lt;br /&gt;            My heart to study her, and not to love.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/blockquote&gt;         &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;           It is difficult to imagine even so racy a poet           as Donne availing himself of our very modern derivative “sexy,” with its suggestion of shameless provocation attached to abject want of inhibition. Donne and his readers understood that “sex” in the modern sense is more gratifying if an expression of the difference of the sexes: that we cannot properly speak of sex in one sense without speaking of sex in the other.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;         &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; — R. V. Young&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-7729752369448793984?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7729752369448793984'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/7729752369448793984'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/gay-invention-homosexuality-is.html' title='The Gay Invention - Homosexuality Is a Linguistic as Well as a Moral Error - by R. V. Young'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-1381993313001862454</id><published>2012-01-18T17:55:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-18T17:58:33.591Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ecumenismo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nicola Bux'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Igreja'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Missão'/><title type='text'>N. Bux: «Unità dei cristiani? Non è di questo mondo»</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.labussolaquotidiana.it/ita/articoli-bux-unit-dei-cristianinon--di-questo-mondo-4226.htm"&gt;La Bussola Quotidiana&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;di Riccardo Cascioli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;«Pregare per l’unità dei cristiani è fondamentale per imparare che  l’unità viene dall’alto e non dal basso, ma oggi c’è il rischio che  anche tra i cattolici si diffonda il ‘virus’ che divide al loro interno  le altre Chiese cristiane». E’ quanto afferma don Nicola Bux, teologo,  consultore della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede, ed esperto di  ecumenismo, spiegando il senso della Settimana di preghiera per l’unità  dei cristiani che inizia oggi, 18 gennaio, e termina il 25 gennaio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don Bux, qual è il valore di questa settimana di preghiera per l’unità dei cristiani?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Serve  anzitutto a imparare che l’unità non viene dal basso ma dall’alto. Dopo  il primo slancio conciliare che via via si è attenuato, è sembrato  affermarsi un contro-modello di ecumenismo che pensava di far sorgere  l’unità dal basso. Oggi, forse, con più realismo si torna a comprendere  che l’unità è qualcosa che viene dall’alto, non la possiamo costruire  noi. L’ecumenismo va inteso come il tentativo di lasciare a Dio quello  che è unicamente affare suo, cioè - attraverso le divisioni e i peccati -  di chiamare l’uomo all’unità con sé.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Oggi si parla  molto di ecumenismo, ma sembra che ci siano tante diverse  interpretazioni di questa parola, a volte anche contraddittorie. Ma qual  è l’interpretazione corretta?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;In genere l’ecumenismo prende  come affermazione di base quella contenuta nel capitolo 17 di Giovanni  all’interno della grande preghiera di Gesù prima della sua passione:   “Che siano uno come, Padre, io e te siamo uno, così siano loro una cosa  sola nell’unità”. Gesù stesso quindi invoca il dono dell’unità  dall’alto, anche perché lui era dinanzi alle divisioni esistenti, che  constatava tra gli ebrei di cui lui era figlio. Quindi in un certo senso  la preoccupazione per l’unità gli veniva dalla constatazione della  realtà. Tanti gruppi, fazioni, contrapposti tra loro, che i vangeli – e  Giovanni – ben documentano.&lt;br /&gt;E dunque il Signore in un certo senso  prevedeva, presentiva, che non sarebbe stato molto diverso nemmeno per i  suoi discepoli. E pertanto in qualche modo egli comprende che solo un  dono dall’alto, un dono abbondante,  il perdono, avrebbe limitato gli  effetti di quella colpa d’origine che ha provocato la divisione. Non  bisogna dimenticare nemmeno nell’ecumenismo che l’unità visibile non c’è  perché c’è il peccato. Come diceva Ireneo, dove ci sono i peccati c’è  la moltitudine, non c’è l’unità. D’altra parte il peccato è una realtà  al punto che nella liturgia pasquale, nel canto dell’Exultet, lo si  definisce peccato d’origine, una colpa felice, una&lt;em&gt; felix culpa&lt;/em&gt;,  quasi un fatto utile. Lo stesso san Paolo nella prima lettera ai  Corinzi (11,19) dice testualmente che “è necessario che avvengano  divisioni tra voi”. Colpisce che per l’apostolo siano necessarie le  divisioni. Potrebbe sembrare una contraddizione:  Gesù postula l’unità  che viene dall’alto, San Paolo in qualche modo prende atto che ci sono  le divisioni. Noi siamo distanti nel tempo, ma vediamo le divisioni  reali dei cristiani, da quelle storiche a quelle sottili che passano  anche all’interno di ciascuna confessione. E allora comprendiamo davvero  che le divisioni forse non ce le potremo togliere almeno fino alla fine  dei tempi. Perché è attraverso di esse che noi dobbiamo comprendere che  l’unità non è qualcosa che costruiamo noi. E’ un dono, è un perdono,  perché se non c’è perdono non c’è alcuna unità. Lo sanno bene i coniugi.&lt;br /&gt;Si  deve  riconoscere che la realtà, contaminata dal peccato, produce  divisioni, che vanno continuamente attraversate non con la pretesa di  volerle nascondere o attutire in nome di una unità impossibile. Ma  comprendendo che nessuno, cattolico o protestante può imporre all’altro  qualcosa che l’altro non è o non ha. Deve nascere dall’interno   l’ascolto di tutto quanto di vero e di buono esiste nell’altro perché  cresca il dono dell’unità, che comunque è dato dall’alto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Molto  spesso, parlando di unità dei cristiani, ci si riferisce – anche  teologi cattolici -  a un’ideale “federazione tra le Chiese”, tutte  sullo stesso piano. Ma l’obiettivo dell’ecumenismo per la  Chiesa  cattolica è ben diverso.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;La concezione che lei descrive è  esattamente quello che intendevo quando parlavo dell’idea di una unità  che si vuole costruire dal basso. Si fanno tanti sforzi, che non  approdano a nulla, allora si ripiega su una sorta di federazione:  cerchiamo di metterci insieme, ognuno rimanga quel che è e tiriamo a  campare. Chissà perché poi tra questi sforzi poi c’è il tentativo di far  cambiare natura alla Chiesa cattolica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Può fare qualche esempio?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Pensiamo  ad alcuni gruppi di protestanti che cercano di spingere la Chiesa  cattolica all’intercomunione. Questa è una delle fisse di alcuni gruppi:  facciamo l’intercomunione fra noi,anche se ognuno la realtà della  comunione la concepisce diversamente. Come è noto l’idea di eucarestia  dei protestanti non è quella dei cattolici: i protestanti vedono  l’eucarestia come cena, per noi cattolici Corpo di Cristo come Chiesa e  Corpo di Cristo come specie sacramentale costituiscono lo stesso  mistero, unico sacramento. Quindi per noi non è possibile essere in  comunione con chi la pensa diversamente. Ciononostante tra i protestanti  e anche da alcune frange cattoliche, si vuole a tutti i costi spingere  verso un’apparenza di unità.&lt;br /&gt;Ma la questione va anche oltre i  cristiani e si estende agli ebrei, ad esempio: stamattina ascoltavo  un’intervista al rabbino capo di Roma, il quale in certo senso dettava  alla Chiesa cattolica i criteri per essere Chiesa. Diceva: dunque  dobbiamo eliminare la teologia della sostituzione (il popolo di Dio ha  preso il posto del popolo di Israele per quanto riguarda la salvezza).  Poi bisogna togliere di mezzo le beatificazioni (con allusione a Pio  XII); infine bisogna essere attenti nel richiamare all’unità i  lefebfvriani,  perché richiamarli significa che il Concilio viene  tradito. A me sembra strano che una persona che non è membro della  Chiesa cattolica, intervenga in questo modo  invece di guardare al  proprio interno. Se davvero vuole lavorare per rendere meno difficile la  coesistenza tra diversi esseri umani o religioni, si preoccupi  piuttosto di guardare al proprio interno quali sono i problemi, i punti  su cui lavorare per rendere meno difficile la condivisione tra esseri  umani – in questo caso di due religioni – invece di dettare all’altro  quello che dovrebbe essere. Questo è un cattivo modo di intendere  l’ecumenismo, in questo caso  il dialogo interreligioso. Nessuno di noi  si sognerebbe di andare dagli ebrei a dire cosa devono o non devono  fare.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Si potrebbe però obiettare che anche i cattolici  desiderano il cambiamento degli altri, che gli altri tornino all’unica  Chiesa cattolica, che anche gli ebrei si convertano. Perché questa non è  una mancanza di rispetto?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Appartiene al dna del cattolico,  altrimenti non sarebbe cattolico, concepire la Chiesa come pienezza  della verità e il massimo possibile dell’unità. Meno della Chiesa  cattolica - diceva von Balthasar -  vuol dire appartenere a un’altra  realtà che non è la Chiesa cattolica. Per un cattolico – consapevole  della propria cattolicità – l’appartenenza alla Chiesa cattolica è il  massimo di appartenenza ecclesiale cristiana che possa esserci. Questo  probabilmente potrà non piacere ad altri, però cerco di far capire con  un esempio: se l’idea di sacramento non caratterizza la Chiesa  protestante, oppure se l’idea del primato del vescovo di Roma in  rapporto a tutti i vescovi  del mondo non caratterizza la chiesa  ortodossa, vuol dire che siamo dinanzi a un di meno rispetto alla  pienezza cattolica. Diceva Balthasar: queste realtà riposano già nella  Chiesa cattolica, non sono esterne. Quindi chi non ce l’ha, chi le ha  ricusate, per ragioni storiche, certamente non può pretendere che i  cattolici tornino indietro. Loro dovrebbero domandarsi perché mai le  abbiano rifiutate. Certamente ci può essere la responsabilità da parte  cattolica per queste divisioni, ma ciò non toglie nulla della verità  riguardo la natura della Chiesa. Tenga anche presente che tutti i  cristiani professano lo stesso Credo, che è stato confezionato nei  concili di Nicea e di Costantinopoli: quindi tutti affermiamo “Credo la  Chiesa una, Santa, cattolica, apostolica”, anche se è evidente  che  l’affermazione a parole – direbbe sant’Ireneo -  non vuol dire che tutti  crediamo allo stesso modo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quindi come si concilia il dialogo con la missione?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Un  cattolico non può non desiderare che qualsiasi essere umano diventi  cattolico, perché altrimenti ci sarebbe una domanda grande come una casa  sul perché io sono cattolico.&lt;br /&gt;Se sono cattolico credo che sia stato  il più grande dono fatto alla mia vita. Se questo dono è stato fatto a  me perché non devo desiderare che venga fatto ad altri?. Se io credo che  Gesù Cristo è l’unico Signore e il Salvatore dell’umanità perché debbo  credere che alcuni settori dell’umanità debbano essere esclusi? La  cattolicità, la dimensione cattolica, sta ad indicare  questa  universalità di sguardo, di destinazione: per noi cattolici non è un  limite, anzi, è una missione: guai a noi se non la perseguissimo, come  dice San Paolo. Il dialogo è nella ricerca della verità: tra gli ebrei  tanti sono diventati cristiani per un movimento spontaneo di  approfondimento della loro stessa religione: sono andati a fondo della  propria religione, Gesù è il compimento di questa ricerca della verità&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tornando  al dialogo fra i cristiani, si ha l’impressione che con gli Ortodossi  l’unità sia più facile – o più vicina - rispetto alle Chiese  protestanti.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Credo sia un’apparenza. Con gli ortodossi  essenzialmente differiamo perché l’idea di Chiesa che loro hanno non  postula un principio visibile di unità risiedente nel vescovo di Roma.  Loro credono che la Chiesa sia appoggiata unicamente sulle Chiese  locali, sulla visibilità locale.&lt;br /&gt;Dire che sia più facile è azzardato  perché all’interno stesso dell’Ortodossia, i vescovi e le Chiese in cui  l’Ortodossia si articola, hanno totalmente consolidato il principio di  autonomia, ognuno fa di testa sua (è il significato letterale di  autocefale). Gli ortodossi sanno che questo è il loro grande problema,  La struttura ecclesiologica affermatasi nei secoli è arrivata a tal  punto che non sono in grado di uscirne.&lt;br /&gt;L’autocefalia è una specie  di virus che diventa un principio di distruzione della Chiesa, e  purtroppo ha attaccato anche la Chiesa cattolica. Basta pensare  all’elefantiasi delle conferenze episcopali (nazionali, regionali,  territoriali) che praticamente vogliono dettare legge pure alla sede  apostolica di Roma. Il rischio è grave: la realtà – non da oggi – è che  c’è un tentativo da parte di alcune conferenze episcopali  di  costituirsi come alter ego della Santa Sede, dimenticando che le  conferenze episcopali non sono di istituzione divina. Sono degli  organismi ecclesiali che quindi hanno tutti i limiti degli organismi  umani. Neanche l’autorità di un singolo vescovo può essere surclassata  da una conferenza episcopale. Ma oggi si assiste a questo, al lento,  indiretto esautoramento del l’autorità del singolo vescovo da parte  delle Conferenze episcopali. Queste tra l’altro non hanno prerogative  dottrinali però molto spesso assistiamo a prese di posizione quasi  contestatarie nei confronti dell’autorità del vescovo di Roma, senza la  quale non sussiste neanche quella degli organismi collegiali. Come  insegna il Concilio Vaticano II, il collegio dei vescovi non è mai senza  il suo capo. Se non provvediamo subito a curare questo virus  rischieremo di trovarci anche noi in situazioni analoghe – e direi  sempre più difficili – a quelle dei cosiddetti fratelli separati.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-1381993313001862454?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/1381993313001862454'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/1381993313001862454'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/n-bux-unita-dei-cristiani-non-e-di.html' title='N. Bux: «Unità dei cristiani? Non è di questo mondo»'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-5174037041133318331</id><published>2012-01-18T17:22:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-18T17:24:57.251Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Massimo Introvigne'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Igreja'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Homossexualidade'/><title type='text'>Carta aberta de M. Introvigne ao Bispo P. Urso sobre "uniões gay"</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.labussolaquotidiana.it/ita/articoli-caro-mons-ursosulle-coppie-gay-si-sbaglia-4223.htm"&gt;La Bussola Quotidiana&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Eccellenza Reverendissima mons. Paolo Urso, vescovo della bella città siciliana di Ragusa, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Le indirizzo questa lettera aperta dopo avere letto non solo la Sua discussa e ormai famosa intervista al Quotidiano.net – uscita con il titolo «Il vescovo Urso: “Lo Stato riconosca l’unione gay”» –, ma anche le precisazioni che ha ritenuto opportuno fornire al sito locale Ragusa News. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;La ringrazio, anzitutto, per le precisazioni. Mi fa piacere leggere che come pastore condivide la posizione del «Catechismo della Chiesa Cattolica» e del Magistero in genere, e ribadisce che «quella dell’omosessualità è oggettivamente una cosa disordinata». Lei ha ragione: non si deve confondere l’accoglienza e l’accompagnamento delle persone omosessuali, che fanno parte della grande misericordia e capacità di ascolto della Chiesa, con gli atti omosessuali, che rimangono «oggettivamente disordinati». Considerata la grande confusione che regna sul punto, affermare che quello degli omosessuali è semplicemente «un percorso differente» può forse prestarsi a interpretazioni ambigue. Ma aiuta a fare chiarezza la Sua precisazione che «Gesù avvicinava le prostitute, i peccatori, ma non per questo li condivideva».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;D’accordo, dunque. E non mi verrebbe mai in mente di mettermi a dare lezioni di morale a un vescovo. Come ho scritto ad altro proposito su questo giornale, nutro viva antipatia per chi tira i vescovi per la veste episcopale cercando d’insegnare ai presuli a fare il loro mestiere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Tuttavia, nella Sua intervista, Lei fa una distinzione che mi permette, sempre – ci mancherebbe altro – con il dovuto rispetto dovuto a un successore degli Apostoli, d’intervenire come laico. Afferma infatti che altro è il giudizio morale, altra è la valutazione politica, su cui Ella si esprime come cittadino italiano. In quanto cittadino, «educato alla laicità dello Stato», Lei afferma che lo Stato deve riconoscere le unioni di fatto: «Uno Stato laico come il nostro non può ignorare il fenomeno delle convivenze, deve muoversi e definire diritti e doveri per i partner. Poi la valutazione morale spetterà ad altri».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;E questo riconoscimento dovrebbe estendersi anche alle unioni omosessuali. «Quando due persone decidono, anche se sono dello stesso sesso, di vivere insieme, è importante che lo Stato riconosca questo stato di fatto. Che va chiamato con un nome diverso dal matrimonio, altrimenti non ci intendiamo».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Qui, naturalmente, non stiamo più parlando di teologia morale – di cui i vescovi sono per definizione maestri – ma di politica, un ambito dove l’instaurazione cristiana dell’ordine temporale, come insegna il Concilio Ecumenico Vaticano II, è compito primario dei laici. Non mi sembra dunque di commettere un’invasione di campo segnalandoLe alcuni elementi di fatto e di principio che sembrano militare oggettivamente contro la Sua posizione.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Parto da un tema di fatto. È apprezzabile che Lei ribadisca che, comunque, una unione omosessuale non è un matrimonio, e che se si arrivasse a chiamare «matrimonio» un’unione fra persone dello stesso sesso questo causerebbe seri problemi sociali. Di fatto, tuttavia, la maggioranza dei Paesi che hanno concesso forme di riconoscimento alle unioni fra persone dello stesso sesso hanno poi introdotto leggi che hanno effettivamente creato un «matrimonio» omosessuale, chiamato proprio con questo nome. Il Magistero cattolico ha parlato più volte di una «legge del piano inclinato»: se si apre la porta al riconoscimento di queste unioni con il nome di PACS, DICO o simili, il matrimonio è dietro l’angolo come tappa successiva.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Mi permetto di consigliarLe la lettura del libro sul matrimonio omosessuale del filosofo francese Thibaud Collin. Collin si definisce un sostenitore pentito dei PACS (Patti Civili di Solidarietà), nati in Francia e da qui esportati in tanti altri Paesi. Aveva accettato i PACS, scrive, perché lo avevano convinto che questi erano l’alternativa al matrimonio omosessuale, che Collin considera un rischio mortale per la famiglia. Date agli attivisti omosessuali i PACS, gli dicevano i suoi amici: avranno risolto i loro problemi, e non chiederanno più il matrimonio. Senonché non si era ancora asciugato l’inchiostro della firma dell’allora presidente Jacques Chirac sulla legge sui PACS che già quegli stessi che avevano usato questo argomento si affrettavano a presentare proposte di legge per il matrimonio omosessuale, che hanno fatto il loro cammino e ora ritornano nella campagna elettorale francese. Dunque mentivano: i PACS (o DICO, o come altro li si chiami) non sono l’alternativa ma l’apripista al matrimonio omosessuale. Dopo il quale verranno – la Gran Bretagna insegna – il diritto delle coppie gay ad adottare bambini, e l’obbligo per gli enti anche privati (compresi quelli cattolici, a pena di chiusura) che si occupano di adozioni a non discriminare fra coppie etero e omosessuali quando si tratta di scegliere a chi dare in adozione un bambino. «Legge del piano inclinato», appunto. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;In realtà, lo scivolamento sul piano inclinato comincia prima del riconoscimento delle coppie omosessuali. Comincia quando si riconoscono le coppie di fatto, anche se composte da persone di sesso diverso. Contrariamente a quanto Lei afferma, questo riconoscimento è una vera minaccia per il matrimonio. Il 12 gennaio 2006 il Papa ha ricordato agli amministratori di Roma e del Lazio che è «un grave errore oscurare il valore e le funzioni della famiglia legittima fondata sul matrimonio, attribuendo ad altre forme di unione impropri riconoscimenti giuridici, dei quali non vi è, in realtà, alcuna effettiva esigenza sociale». L’11 gennaio 2007, parlando di nuovo agli stessi amministratori romani e laziali, Benedetto XVI è tornato sul punto, definendo «pericolosi e controproducenti quei progetti che puntano ad attribuire ad altre forme di unione impropri riconoscimenti giuridici, finendo inevitabilmente per indebolire e destabilizzare la famiglia legittima fondata sul matrimonio». &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Temerei di annoiarla, eccellenza, elencando le molte altre volte in cui il Pontefice ha ripetuto lo stesso concetto. Questi riconoscimenti sono «impropri», «pericolosi», «controproducenti»; destabilizzano i matrimoni; sostenerli è un «grave errore». Ma forse il Papa continua a ripetere le stesse cose perché molti non le ascoltano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Quanto poi al riconoscimento delle unioni omosessuali, nel discorso di auguri natalizi alla Curia romana – come sa, un genere letterario che offre sempre l’occasione al Pontefice per interventi particolarmente importanti – del 22 dicembre 2006, Benedetto XVI ha osservato che il problema è ancora più grave, perché tocca la natura stessa della persona umana. In effetti, tali riconoscimenti non propongono nulla di meno che «la relativizzazione della differenza dei sessi. Diventa così uguale il mettersi insieme di un uomo e una donna o di due persone dello stesso sesso. Con ciò vengono tacitamente confermate quelle teorie funeste che tolgono ogni rilevanza alla mascolinità e alla femminilità della persona umana, come se si trattasse di un fatto puramente biologico; teorie secondo cui l’uomo – cioè il suo intelletto e la sua volontà – deciderebbe autonomamente che cosa egli sia o non sia. C’è in questo un deprezzamento della corporeità, da cui consegue che l’uomo, volendo emanciparsi dal suo corpo – dalla “sfera biologica” – finisce per distruggere se stesso». &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Anche in questo caso, il Papa ha risposto all’obiezione consueta, che ormai suona come un disco rotto, secondo cui la laicità dello Stato imporrebbe tali riconoscimenti, e la Chiesa dovrebbe tacere. «Se ci si dice che la Chiesa non dovrebbe ingerirsi in questi affari, allora noi possiamo solo rispondere: forse che l’uomo non ci interessa? I credenti, in virtù della grande cultura della loro fede, non hanno forse il diritto di pronunciarsi in tutto questo? Non è piuttosto il loro – il nostro – dovere alzare la voce per difendere l’uomo, quella creatura che, proprio nell’unità inseparabile di corpo e anima, è immagine di Dio?».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Ecco, Eccellenza, Lei è noto ai Suoi diocesani per alzare la voce per molte cause, fra cui nella recente intervista ricorda come a Lei particolarmente care la lotta contro la base NATO di Comiso e quella per un «raccordo stradale migliore tra Ragusa e Catania». Quest’ultima causa è certamente popolare a Ragusa. Ma, vedendo le cose da più lontano, mi piacerebbe – con il dovuto rispetto – che ci fosse un raccordo migliore pure fra le Sue prese di posizione sul riconoscimento delle unioni di fatto, anche – o in particolare – fra persone dello stesso sesso, e quelle del Magistero pontificio: a chiarezza ed edificazione dei cattolici, a illuminazione della politica che ne ha tanto bisogno, e a maggior gloria di Dio, anche sociale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-5174037041133318331?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5174037041133318331'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5174037041133318331'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/carta-aberta-de-m-introvigne-ao-bispo-p.html' title='Carta aberta de M. Introvigne ao Bispo P. Urso sobre &quot;uniões gay&quot;'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-5907799744822532672</id><published>2012-01-15T17:24:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-15T17:26:46.607Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='jesus cristo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nuno Serras Pereira'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Fé'/><title type='text'>Eu sei que o meu Redentor Vive</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;A Fé, como vimos, é um conhecimento verdadeiro e uma certeza firmíssima. Não porque se trate de uma evidência racional, uma vez que o Seu objecto ultrapassa infinitamente a razão natural, mas porque assenta na autoridade de Deus que Se revela, o qual nem nos pode enganar - sendo Ele a Verdade absoluta -, nem pode enganar-Se (Aliás, nem poderíamos amar a Deus se não O conhecêssemos). Por outro lado, não gozamos ainda da visão beatífica que será concedida aos eleitos depois da “irmã morte corporal”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O conhecimento perfeito de Deus e das Verdades puramente sobrenaturais, pela Fé, embora seja uma participação na ciência Divina, ou seja, uma participação no conhecimento que Deus tem de Si mesmo, é inevidente (do ponto de vista meramente racional) porque não se impõe de modo imediato nem demonstrativo mas sim por ciência ou intuição. Por outras palavras, a Fé é um acto de assentimento do intelecto enquanto determinado pela vontade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O testemunho daqueles que vendo o Filho n’ Ele toparam o Pai e que chegou, de boca em boca, de vida em vida, de sacramento em sacramento, através dos tempos, até ao presente, e por nós foi acolhido, por virtude do Espírito Santo é um saber verdadeiro: “O que era desde o princípio, o que ouvimos, o que vimos com os nossos olhos, o que contemplámos e as nossas mãos tocaram relativamente ao Verbo da Vida (Jesus Cristo) - porque a Vida manifestou-se e nós vimo-la, dela damos testemunho e anunciamos-vos a Vida eterna que estava no Pai e que se nos manifestou -, o que nós vimos e ouvimos, isso vos anunciamos, para que também vós estejais em comunhão connosco. E nós estamos em comunhão com o Pai e com seu Filho, Jesus Cristo. Escrevemos-vos isto para que a nossa alegria seja completa.” (1 Jo. 1-4). Por isso, a Igreja, pela boca de Job, proclama, com toda a certeza: “Eu sei que o meu Redentor (Jesus Cristo) vive … Revestido da minha pele, estarei de pé (ressuscitado), na minha carne (depois da morte, aquando do Juízo final) verei a Deus. Eu próprio O verei, os meus olhos O hão-de contemplar” (Job 19, 25-27).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Nuno Serras Pereira&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;15. 01. 2012&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-5907799744822532672?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5907799744822532672'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/5907799744822532672'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/eu-sei-que-o-meu-redentor-vive.html' title='Eu sei que o meu Redentor Vive'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-8214115417170855591</id><published>2012-01-15T15:06:00.002Z</published><updated>2012-01-15T15:09:17.140Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Religião'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Juan Manuel de Prada'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='política'/><title type='text'>Trasladando fiestas - Juan Manuel de Prada</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.religionenlibertad.com/articulo.asp?idarticulo=20040"&gt;Religión en Libertad&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"   style="font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"&gt;Si Zapatero hubiese tenido la ocurrencia  de trasladar las fiestas a los lunes, y de cargarse de paso  festividades de gran arraigo como la Asunción de la Virgen o el día de  Todos los Santos, habríamos escuchado enseguida -con voz tonante y  airada- que su propósito no era otro sino descristianizar la sociedad.  Pero quien ha tenido la ocurrencia ha sido Rajoy; y, misteriosamente,  nadie le ha atribuido semejante propósito. De donde se deduce -risum  teneatis- que si las festividades religiosas se las carga un gobierno de  izquierdas, hemos de presumir que su propósito es descristianizar la  sociedad; en cambio, si quien se las carga es un gobierno de derechas,  hemos de presumir que su propósito es «racionalizar el calendario  laboral y reactivar la economía». Que la economía vaya a reactivarse por  quitar cuatro días de fiesta, o por correrlos al lunes, es una sandez  que sólo se le habría ocurrido a aquellos arbitristas demenciales de los  que se cachondeaba Quevedo; pero vivimos en una época tan confusa que  las sandeces más grotescas pueden pasar fácilmente por ideas geniales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"   style="font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"   style="font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"&gt; El mundo liberal siempre tuvo la obsesión de cepillarse el calendario  cristiano. Primero lo intentó con el desquiciado calendario napoleónico;  y, fracasado aquel empeño arbitrista, se dedicó, al tiempo que la  Iglesia reducía sus fiestas de precepto, a multiplicar las suyas, hasta  tupir el calendario con una caterva de fiestas civiles, a cada cual más  relamida y rimbombante. Las fiestas verdaderas, que sólo pueden ser  religiosas, no tienen más sentido que santificar la vida: se basan en la  necesidad que el hombre tiene de encontrarse a sí mismo bajo la luz de  una fe comunitaria; y se cumplen en la recepción de un don espiritual.  Las fiestas civiles, que son falsificaciones paródicas de las  religiosas, nunca cumplieron ninguna de estas dos funciones; pero su  proliferación insensata logró enturbiar el sentido originario de las  fiestas religiosas, hasta equipararlo con el de las fiestas civiles,  como mera ocasión para el ocio consumista. Una vez lograda esta  equiparación turbia, se prueba ahora a cambiar de fecha las fiestas  religiosas, o a borrarlas del calendario, en la confianza de que su  traslado o supresión no ocasionará mayores resistencias que el traslado o  supresión de las insustanciales fiestas civiles. Y como quien anuncia  esta barrabasada no es Zapatero, sino Rajoy, ni los católicos  rechistamos, en lo que se demuestra que la ofuscación ideológica ha  logrado desecar el meollo de nuestra fe, convirtiéndola en una sucesión  de automatismos vacuos; en esto consiste el fariseísmo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"   style="font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"   style="font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"&gt; Existe un axioma biológico infalible: a medida que disminuye lo vivo,  aumenta lo automático. Cuando las fiestas religiosas se convierten en un  automatismo vacuo importa poco, en efecto, que se cambien de día. Si  fuesen fiestas vivas, su traslado por decreto nos resultaría tan  desquiciado y abusivo como una orden ministerial que nos exigiese  celebrar nuestro cumpleaños en domingo, o parir durante el mes de  vacaciones; pues ese traslado obedece a la misma visión mecanicista  -automática- del hombre, reducido a un gurruño de carne sin necesidades  espirituales, para quien las fiestas se han convertido en meras  ocasiones para el ocio consumista. ¡A trabajar y a consumir, españolitos  sin fe, que hay que «reactivar» la economía!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"   style="font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"   style="font-family:georgia;font-size:130%;"&gt; «Al que no tiene, aun lo que tiene se le quitará», leemos en el  Evangelio. Así se recompensa la fe de los tibios. Después de todo, la  ocurrencia de Rajoy de quitarnos o trasladarnos las fiestas religiosas  puede que sea un instrumento del designio divino.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="textoarticulo_rel"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;© Abc&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8322558455983006167-8214115417170855591?l=jesus-logos.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/8214115417170855591'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8322558455983006167/posts/default/8214115417170855591'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://jesus-logos.blogspot.com/2012/01/trasladando-fiestas-juan-manuel-de.html' title='Trasladando fiestas - Juan Manuel de Prada'/><author><name>Amor, Verdade e Vida</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01753595218323030043</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8322558455983006167.post-3932836300897466848</id><published>2012-01-14T22:22:00.001Z</published><updated>2012-01-14T22:25:05.796Z</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Barrigas de aluguer'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Procriação artificial'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Bioética'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Homossexualidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Crianças'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maternidade'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aborto'/><title type='text'>Maternidade de Substituição – um Retrocesso Social  - por Pedro Vaz Patto</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;A chamada «maternidade de substituição» (vulgarmente designada por “barriga de aluguer”, em inglês por “surrogate mothers” e em francês por “mères porteuses”), isto é, a situação em que a mulher se dispõe a suportar uma gravidez por conta de outrem e a entregar a criança após o parto renunciando aos poderes e deveres próprios da maternidade, é vedada pela legislação portuguesa vigente, que declara nulos os contratos a ela relativos, gratuitos ou onerosos (artigo 8º da Lei nº 32/2006, de 26 de Julho), e que pune a conduta de quem concretizar algum desses contratos a título oneroso ou promover essa prática por qualquer meio, designadamente através de convite directo ou por interposta pessoa, ou de anúncio publicitário, também quando se trate de uma prática onerosa (artigo 39º da Mesma Lei). É natural, porém, que a questão da sua legalização venha a ser discutida no futuro. Trata-se de uma prática actualmente proibida em França, em Itália, na Alemanha, em Espanha, na Suíça e na Áustria, mas admitida no Reino Unido, na Bélgica, na Dinamarca, na Grécia, na Rússia, na Ucrânia, em vários Estados norte-americanos, no Canadá, em Israel, na Índia e noutros países. As facilidades de deslocação tornam cada vez mais próspero o chamado “turismo procriativo” com destino a estes países e em vista dessa prática. Recentemente, a minha atenção para com esta realidade foi despertada por uma notícia de eventual deslocação de casais portugueses à Índia com esse objectivo. À Índia, por ser aí que se praticam preços mais acessíveis, bem longe dos preços exorbitantes das luxuosas clínicas norte-americanas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;A questão é actualmente objecto de discussão em França. Também despertou a minha atenção para este tema a leitura de um documento. Mères Porteuses; Extension du Domaine de l´Aliénation  (elaborado no âmbito de uma fundação, Terra Nova – La Fondation Progressiste), em que a análise dos desafios que coloca a legalização da maternidade de substituição no plano ético é feita de modo particularmente completo e bem fundamentado. E despertou a minha atenção, a ponto de reproduzir e divulgar nestas linhas as teses aí expostas, pelo seguinte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Nas tão discutidas questões de bioética, é habitual apresentar como progressistas as perspectivas que mais acentuam o valor da liberdade. Romper uma barreira moral tradicional, um interdito, é visto como sinal de progresso social. Neste caso, em especial, invoca-se, para justificar a legalização desta prática, a liberdade de os casais estéreis e de os pares homossexuais poderem ter acesso à procriação, tal como o respeito pelas escolhas pessoais livres das “mães de substituição”. Os maiores travões a este tipo de mentalidade libertária são habitualmente associados às posições do magistério da Igreja Católica, que acentua o valor da dignidade da pessoa humana como limite ao da autonomia individual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Assim, e quanto a esta questão, é clara, e já conhecida, a oposição desse magistério à maternidade de substituição. Na instrução da Congregação para a Doutrina da Fé Domum Vitae, «sobre o respeito à vida humana nascente e a dignidade da procriação» de 1987, afirma-se (II, A, 3) que se trata de uma prática «contrária à unidade de matrimónio e à dignidade da pessoa humana». E também: «A maternidade substitutiva representa falta objectiva contra as obrigações do amor materno, da fidelidade conjugal e da maternidade responsável; ofende a dignidade e o direito do filho a ser concebido, levado no seio, posto ao mundo e educado pelos próprios pais; em detrimento da família, instaura divisão entre os elementos físicos, psíquicos e morais que a constituem». Mais genericamente, também aí se afirma (II, B, 8), a respeito do pretenso “direito ao filho” frequentemente invocado para justificar esta prática: «Um verdadeiro e próprio direito ao filho seria contrário e sua dignidade e à sua natureza. O filho não é algo devido e não pode ser considerado como objecto de propriedade; è um dom, “o maior” e o mais gratuito dom do matrimónio, e é testemunho vivo da doação recíproca dos seus pais.»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    Em França, a legalização da maternidade de substituição tem sido defendida por personalidades de vários quadrantes, mas sobretudo por sectores ditos “progressistas” e “de esquerda”. Consta dos documentos preparatórios do Partido Socialista relativos à revisão das leis de bioética. A Fundação Terra Nova propõe-se «refundar a “matriz ideológica” da esquerda progressista e promover os seus ideais» e um outro documento surgido no seu seio também tomou posição a favor da legalização da maternidade de substituição. Ora, o documento em causa (subscrito por trinta académicos, médicos e políticos, entre os quais os antigos primeiros-ministros socialistas Michel Rocard e Lionel Jospin) pretende reagir a estas posições e afirmar, de forma muito categórica, que, pelo contrário, essa causa não pode ser considerada “progressista” e “de esquerda” e representa um verdadeiro retrocesso social. E serve-se de uma argumentação que acaba por aproximar-se da do magistério da Igreja Católica em alguns aspectos importantes. É o que veremos de seguida, podendo daqui extrair-se a conclusão de que princípios frequentemente apresentados como reflexos de “conservadorismo” ou “progressismo” não o são verdadeiramente, que aquilo que se quer fazer passar por progresso social é, no fundo, um grave retrocesso, e que as questões da bioética e da justiça social não estão desligadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    Em síntese, o documento sustenta que a maternidade de substituição representa «a mais recente e a mais chocante das extensões do domínio da alienação», ou seja, da “coisificação” e instrumentalização da pessoa, assim ferida na sua iminente dignidade. Traduz-se na mercantilização do corpo feminino e na exploração de mulheres pobres (sistematicamente são pobres as mulheres candidatas a “mães de substituição”; não é por caso que o fenómeno se difunde na Índia), sujeitas a um controlo intrusivo do seu corpo e a uma relação contratual desigual e alienante com empresas e clientes abastados. É equiparada à escravatura e à prostituição (também esta apresentada como exploração alienante e contrária à dignidade da pessoa, cuja legalização representa um retrocesso social, contra o que possam afirmar sectores também tidos por “progressistas”). À “mercantilização do sexo” é equiparada a “mercantilização do útero”, domínio igualmente íntimo e estreitamente ligado à dignidade e afirmação pessoais. O corpo é igualmente instrumentalizado, neste caso de forma não temporária e com a particularidade de essa instrumentalização ser destinada à obtenção de um “produto”: o bebé.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    Para além dos riscos e danos psicológicos que envolve – e que, como veremos, são denunciados com vigor – a maternidade de substituição é condenável, antes de mais, por isso mesmo: por representar uma “etapa suplementar” de alienação, de “coisificação” da pessoa e de uma sua capacidade intrínseca, neste caso a sua função procriativa. Do mesmo modo que não foram, enquanto tal, os danos físicos, psicológicos ou económicos envolvidos, os seus efeitos patogénicos, a conduzir à abolição da escravatura, mas, antes de tudo, um postulado de respeito pela dignidade da pessoa, assim deve proceder-se quanto a esta prática. É, a este propósito, evocado o artigo XVIII da Declaração dos Direitos de Homem e do Cidadão de 24 de Junho de 1793: «nenhum homem pode vender-se ou ser vendido, a sua pessoa não é uma propriedade alienável». E é lançado o desafio da plena consagração do princípio da inalienabilidade da pessoa humana no século XXI. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    A mercantilização do corpo é, desde há muito, vedada pela ordem jurídica. Nos termos do artigo 16º, nº 1, do Código Civil francês, «o corpo não pode ser objecto de direitos patrimoniais». E é também esse o princípio proclamado em 1991 pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Há quem defenda que a proibição da maternidade de substituição deve restringir-se às situações de exploração económica e lucrativa, deixando de lado as da sua prática desinteressada e altruísta. Mas a investigação empírica vem demonstrando que estas situações são raríssimas. Compreende-se que o sejam e que só situações de grande carência económica levem mulheres a sujeitar-se a tão traumatizante experiência. Algumas legislações (como a britânica) proíbem os pagamentos, mas prevêem a “compensação de despesas” que acabam por ter efeito idêntico. E será sempre difícil o controlo judicial de compensações indirectas ou não monetárias (bens em espécie, férias, possibilidades de trabalho, etc.).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    A exploração comercial desta prática vem assumindo facetas chocantes. Há empresas norte-americanas que, a troco de preços exorbitantes, garantem a supervisão rigorosa das condições de alimentação e saúde das gestantes e até, nalguns casos, o recurso ao aborto em caso de insatisfação com o “produto” (o preço total só é pago a final: “no product, no payment”). No outro extremo, na Índia, os preços são muitíssimo mais baratos e a oferta de “mães” também muito mais abundante. A estas são proporcionadas “férias pagas” com a exigência de total separação da família, com a garantia de rendimentos correspondentes a vários anos de trabalho e sem o estigma associado à prostituição, que seria uma alternativa para essas mulheres. O chamado dumping social (a concorrência na base de mais desvantajosas condições laborais) estende-se, assim, ao domínio tão precioso da vida e da maternidade. As empresas indianas publicitam o baixo custo dos seus serviços, o exotismo da viagem e a vantagem do “desapego emocional” em relação a uma mãe culturalmente estranha aos clientes. Contra a concorrência indiana, alegam as empresas ucranianas mais garantias de boas condições sanitárias. A lógica mercantil da concorrência afirma-se, pois, em toda a sua dimensão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    Mas mesmo que a exploração comercial esteja afastada (o que é difícil e raro, diga a lei o que disser), não estão afastados os danos psicológicos que esta prática necessariamente envolve e que a seguir se analisarão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    O valor da autonomia individual, dos clientes e das mulheres prestadoras do serviço é enfatizado pelos partidários da legalização da maternidade de substituição. Mas sobre essa direito prevalece – afirma o documento - «o direito à dignidade da pessoa humana, a obrigação da sociedade de proteger os direitos dos indivíduos, mesmo contra eles mesmos, sobretudos dos mais frágeis». Citando o Comité de Orientação da Agência de Biomedicina, também aí se salienta que «do princípio da dignidade humana deriva a ideia de que o Estado deve proteger os cidadãos contra eles mesmos quando exercem a sua autonomia em sentido contrário à sua dignidade, e isto apesar do seu consentimento. Neste caso, o consentimento é provavelmente distorcido, quer pelas características necessariamente imperfeitas da informação disponível quanto ao desenrolar imprevisível da gravidez, quer pela perspectiva atraente de uma indemnização financeira que, em muitos casos, altera a liberdade de escolha». Eu acrescentarei que, por idênticos motivos, pode considerar-se irrelevante o consentimento no caso da prostituição ou da venda de órgãos, tal como seria irrelevante uma escravidão consentida, mesmo que esta (como sucedeu em muitas épocas e pode suceder ainda hoje) pudesse assegurar a sobrevivência económica do escravo, de outro modo posta em causa. E também pode considerar-se irrelevante o consentimento no caso da eutanásia, também ele distorcido pela fragilidade própria da situação existencial que normalmente lhe subjaz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    Tal como na instrução Donum Vitae e no excerto acima transcrito, neste documento também se afirma que não há um “direito ao filho”, mas antes os “direitos do filho”. E estes são o de não ser objecto de qualquer convenção ou contrato, de não ser tratado como uma mercadoria e de conhecer as condições do seu nascimento. Cita-se a resposta da antropóloga Françoise Héritier à revista L´Express, de 25/2/2020, a propósito da maternidade de substituição: «Confunde-se muitas vezes o “direito ao filho” com o “direito do filho”. Eu sei que a nossa sociedade não tolera a frustração, mas esse direito ao filho não existe, porque, neste caso, o filho não surge automaticamente». Negar o “direito ao filho” tem outras implicações –acrescento eu – em matéria de bioética e de regime da procriação medicamente assistida: pode levar à rejeição da procriação heteróloga, por exemplo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    Como também tem sido salientado pelo magistério da Igreja Católica, rejeita-se a ideia de que tudo o que é tecnicamente possível é lícito («tout ce qui se peut se doive»), de forma peremptória: «O combate humanista obriga a sair deste cientismo que, conjugado com a tentação de fazer do direito do indivíduo a obter o que quer o fim último de tudo, prognostica um futuro temível».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    O documento debruça-se sobre os danos psicológicos que a maternidade de substituição pode acarretar para o filho, para a “mãe de substituição” e para os outros filhos desta, sublinhado, antes de mais, que se trata de matéria em que deve ser liminarmente rejeitada qualquer ideia de experimentação ou de assunção de riscos de ocorrência desses danos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    O filho não deixa de sentir o abandono da “mãe de substituição”. Cada vez se conhecem melhor os intercâmbios entre a mãe gestante e o feto e a importância desse intercâmbio para o salutar desenvolvimento físico, psicológico e afectivo deste. Esse intercâmbio chega a ter uma dimensão genética e ajuda a construir a própria identidade da criança. Esta não poderá experimentar a segurança de reconhecer, depois do nascimento, o odor, o calor, o tom de voz e os batimentos cardíacos da mãe em cujo corpo habitou durante vários meses. Por outro lado, quando vier a saber que foi objecto de um contrato, há-de sofrer com isso.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;    A “mãe de substituição” também sofre graves danos porque uma qualquer mulher não fica indiferente ao que lhe acontece quando está grávida. Este estado não é uma actividade, mas um acontecimento simultaneamente biológico e biográfico. Transforma a sua vida na sua integralidade: fisica, psicologica e moralmente. Não se trata de uma actividade que possa ser realizada num dia e interrompida no outro. A mulher não pode deixar de viver a gravidez como sua e de sofrer com o abandono do filho. É, por isso, compreensível que, mais tarde, queira ter o direito de visitar o seu filho (e o que lhe responder, então, quando a lei lhe nega esse direito?). O útero é inseparável do corpo e da pessoa, não é um alojamento temporário, ou um instrumento técnico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Os outros filhos da mulher poderão sofrer danos psicológicos quando souberem que o corpo da mãe albergou um estranho à família e recear que também eles possam um dia ser abandonados e vendidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Dir-se-á que tudo isto já sucede quando uma criança é abandonada ou “dada” para adopção. Mas essa é uma situação que não pode ser evitada (se tal fosse possível, seria evitada). Aqui, estamos perante um abandono deliberadamente programado. Mais: é a própria lei que institucionaliza o abandono. É como se a lei vedasse a obrigação mais natural que existe: a de assumir a vida de que se é autor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;A maternidade de substituição tem dado origem a problemas de ordem jurídica de muito difícil solução. Poderão ser um interessante campo de estudo para estudantes de Direito, mas os dramas humanos que lhes estão associados não podem deixar de suscitar inquietação. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;O documento em análise elenca os vários problemas possíveis, começando por salientar que a maior parte deles nem sequer se relaciona com questões de ordem monetária (de onde se conclui que não basta proibir a onerosidade dos contratos para afastar os problemas a que pode dar origem a maternidade de substituição). Mesmo quando a “substituição” se dá entre pessoas com relações familiares (o que por vezes sucede), ocorrem conflitos com graves repercussões nessas relações. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Um primeiro grupo de problemas surge quando a “mãe de substituição” muda de ideias e quer assumir a maternidade ou abortar. No caso In Re Baby M, de 1988, o Supremo Tribunal de Nova Jersey, salientando os inconvenientes da prática da maternidade de substituição na perspectiva do interesse do filho, deu razão à gestante que quis ficar com a criança, Mary Beth Withehead, a qual veio a tornar-se, depois, uma militante opositora dessa prática. No entanto, será difícil sustentar esta posição quando a lei não veda a possibilidade de os contratos em questão negarem à gestante este direito .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Ainda que a “mãe de substituição” não queira ficar com a guarda da criança, pode querer visitá-la ou obter informações sobre ela. Devem tais direitos ser-lhe negados?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Outro tipo de problemas surge quando são os clientes a mudar de opinião, designadamente porque a criança sofre de alguma doença ou não corresponde às suas expectativas, porque nascem gémeos ou porque o casal se separa entretanto. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Há conflitos relativos às imposições dos clientes a respeito da conduta da “mãe de substituição” durante a gravidez: regime alimentar, proibições de fumar ou de viajar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;E há, também, conflitos relativos às condições de pagamento. A ameaça de não entrega da criança é uma forma de pressão de que a gestante por vezes se serve para fazer valer os seus pretensos direitos de conteúdo patrimonial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Ao tomar conhecimento destes problemas, a conclusão que retiro é a de que eles serão sempre prováveis, que nenhuma das soluções possíveis pode ser satisfatória e que o melhor será sempre evitar que eles surjam, cortando o “mal pela raiz”, proibindo a maternidade de substituição. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Nesta, como noutras questões, há quem defenda que a legalização se impõe para enquadrar uma prática que necessariamente há-de ocorrer, no próprio país ou em países estrangeiros onde ela é legal, evitando-se, desse modo, a precariedade da situação jurídica das crianças que venham a nascer. A este tipo de argumentação responde o documento, salientando que os problemas assim suscitados podem ser resolvidos sem a legalização da maternidade de substituição e, sobretudo, afirmando categoricamente que a função do Direito não é a de ceder ao “facto consumado”, responder a qualquer desejo ou acompanhar acriticamente qualquer tipo de evolução social. O Direito tem uma missão pedagógica de tutela de valores. Não é a circunstância de determinadas práticas puderem ocorrer no estrangeiro (pornografia infantil, ou o tráfico de órgãos), ou até aí serem legais (a poligamia, por exemplo, que também pode suscitar problemas de precariedade da situação jurídica do cônjuge), que exime o sistema jurídico nacional de cumprir essa sua missão pedagógica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Este é um princípio que me parece oportuno relembrar e que tem aplicação noutro tipo de situações como o aborto, a eutanásia ou outras práticas relativas à procriação medicamente assistida, questões que os vários Estados vão regulando de forma mais ou menos permissiva. As crescentes facilidades de deslocação internacional podem frustrar uma intenção restritiva do legislador nacional, mas este não tem que submeter-se ao “facto consumado” e à inevitabilidade de uma cada vez maior permissividade. Quanto mais não seja, porque se mantém sempre o seu papel pedagógico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;O documento em análise não ignora os dramas dos casais inférteis, que estão quase sempre na base da procura da maternidade de substituição . A resposta a esses dramas há-de passar pela facilitação do acesso e do processo de adopção. Uma resposta que – acrescento eu – deve estar presente sempre que se defendem restrições à legitimidade ética de práticas de procriação medicamente assistida propostas como resposta a esses dramas.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;O documento conclui reforçando a ideia de que causa da legalização da maternidade de substituição não pode ser considerada uma causa “progressista” ou “de esquerda”.  Pelo contrário, representa uma regressão social, uma degradação das mulheres, de modo especial as mais pobres. Tem subjacente uma lógica ultra-liberal: basta o interesse recíproco numa transacção para a legitimar, sem que se reconheça uma comunidade de valores e normas; as leis do mercado estendem-se ao corpo humano, ignorando o papel protector e civilizador da Lei. É estranho que pessoas habitualmente tão críticas da extensão da lógica do mercado aos domínios da saúde e da cultura, aceitem tão facilmente essa extensão ao domínio da mercantilização do corpo. É sintoma de egoísmo social a indiferença perante a situação de mulheres pobres que, só por serem pobres, se sujeitam a algo a que ninguém gostaria de ver sujeitas a esposa ou a filha. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Alguns limites tenho que apontar, porém, a este documento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;br style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Um deles é o de que parte do princípio de que o aborto é um direito da mulher e um sinal de progresso social. Esse direi
