In CWR
Donald T.
Critchlow is the Barry Goldwater Chair of American Institutions at Arizona
State University, editor of the Journal of Policy History and general
editor for Cambridge Essential Histories (CUP). His new book, Takeover:
How the Left Corrupted Liberalism in the Pursuit of Social Justice (co-authored with William Rorabaugh,
published by the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 2012), is an indictment of
the leftist radicalism that persists in American politics today. For Critchlow,
this radicalism has led to unprecedented attacks on religious liberties, a
looming financial crisis, abortion on demand, and a redefining of freedom.
Recently, in late 2012, CWR contributor Christopher White spoke with Critchlow
about the political and cultural challenges that will significantly shape the
future of the United States—and why Catholics should be both aware and
concerned.
CWR: In Takeover, you refer frequently to the
"New Progressives." Who are the New Progressives and how did they
emerge?
Donald
T. Critchlow: Takeover:
How the Left Corrupted Liberalism in the Pursuit of Social Justice answers an important question that
many Americans began asking with the ascent of Barack Obama to the White
House: How did the Democratic Party become so radical? Takeover
shows that liberalism underwent a profound transformation with the rise in the
late 1960s and the early 1970s of a radical political formation the authors
describe as the New Progressives.
By the
early 1970s, the New Left’s anti-Vietnam War protests and other street activism
had faded away. But the radicalism remained. The activists simply changed their
tactics for remaking American society. After fighting against the
establishment, radical leaders discovered that they could achieve much more by
working within the system. They learned to harness politics and the courts to
pursue what they thought of as social justice. Becoming lawyers, professors,
journalists, consumer advocates, union leaders, community organizers, and even
politicians, left-wing activists morphed into a new movement—the “New
Progressives.” Takeover examines how the New Progressives colonized many
areas of American life in creative and powerful ways.
CWR: You note that the civil rights
revolution introduced “moral politics.” What do you mean by moral politics—and
do you consider this a positive or negative development?
Critchlow:
The struggle for
black civil rights and opposition to the Vietnam War inspired the generation of
radicals who came out of the 1960s. Yet while the civil rights movement of
Martin Luther King, Jr. sought racial integration and equal opportunity for all
Americans, radicals sought a revolutionary transformation of society. At first
these radicals were hostile to electoral politics. Liberalism and the
Democratic Party were seen as enemies.
Left-wing
activists wanted to radically transform American society—by pursuing militant
environmentalism; tearing down corporate power; crusading for population
control, abortion, and euthanasia; pushing for nationalized health insurance;
and more. They brought to these movements a moral fervor of the earlier civil
rights movement, but their moral passion was translated into a vision—often
based more on sentiment than a coherent philosophy—to remake American society
through the expansion of the federal government to control, through sheer
political power, and through the courts.
CWR: Social justice is a frequently used
phrase—what do you interpret it to mean?
Critchlow:
New Progressives
seek to control American consumption from health care, energy use, the cars we
drive, the light bulbs we use, to what we eat and drink. All in the name
of social justice. Their vision of social justice is not based on a systematic
ideology; or a well-developed doctrine of social justice found in the
Judeo-Christian tradition. It based on sentiment and rhetoric. Their use of the
term social justice is ill-defined intellectually. It is no less radical
and transformative—and illusive politically. At issue is an understanding that
Americans are confronting something never witnessed before in our history—a direct
challenge that seeks to transform the political and economic order. This
is an unprecedented threat to the free-market economy and to those who believe
in constitutional government, a balance between federal and state power,
individual rights, and freedom itself.
Radicals
have never defined the exact meaning of “social justice.” The concept appeals
to the heart and to good intentions. It has allowed New Progressives to form
alliances, at various times, with concerned Americans who would resist being called
radicals. Even some activists drawn to the New Progressive banner have been
well-intentioned reformers who sought answers to legitimate problems related to
poverty, environmental pollution, health care, and corporate abuse.
The
reliance on governmental power, the faith in elites to be able to determine the
collective good, and the suspicion of free markets are all the New
Progressives. Takeover does not dismiss the importance of moral passion,
either in religion or politics. What we—my co-author William Rorabaugh and
I—criticize is moral passion based on a single goal of gaining political power
to serve elite and special interests.
CWR: Can you describe the origins of the
“rights” movement, and specifically, the “right to choose”?
Critchlow:
The “rights”
movement came out of the earlier (and justified) civil rights movement.
Coinciding with the black civil rights movement there emerged movements for
women’s, Native American, Asian, and gay rights. Identity politics emerged
full-blown by the early 1970s, reinforced by the implementation of federal
affirmative action under the Nixon administration.
The
feminist and pro-abortion movement seized upon the term “right to choose” as
essential to their call for abortion on demand. Actually, Roe v. Wade
limited constitutionally the absolute “right to choose” by women by declaring
that in the last two trimesters of pregnancy that physicians and the government
had a say in when a pregnancy could be terminated.
CWR: How did the new progressives use the
language of individual freedom to promote their involvement in family planning
and international population control?
Critchlow:
The origins of
family planning, as your readers know, had historical roots in the eugenics and
population control movement. The Nazis gave eugenics a bad name, but even after
the Second World War when John D. Rockefeller III established the Population
Council, with the goal of controlling global population growth, he wanted to
include in its mission a eugenics statement. He was talked out of this by his
advisers. The rise of the feminist movement in the 1960s and the environmental
movement in the late 1960s advanced the language of individual freedom related
to family planning. Sarah Weddington, who argued Roe v Wade before the
Supreme Court in 1971, was closely associated with the women’s liberation
movement in Austin, Texas. These feminists were strong advocates of population
control. Her then husband, Ron, was a fervent advocate of population control.
He was not alone. Many of the leading advocates of abortion saw this as an
instrument to control population growth. Harriet Pilpel, a skilled lawyer who
worked for Planned Parenthood, saw abortion as a women’s right and as a means
of population control. She declared that to cut down on population growth
abortion should be made easy and safe, while developing other methods of family
limitation. She was joined by many others who feared an approaching population
crisis.
The
euthanasia movement also took up the rhetoric of rights. This language of
rights was used in the passage of assisted suicide in Oregon in 1994. Advocates
of euthanasia, such as Derek Humphrey, the founder of the Hemlock Society, used
the rhetoric of individual freedom to promote assisted suicide. The forces
behind the Oregon law effectively used the language of individual choice,
contrasting it with the “unique” theology of the Roman Catholic Church, to win
public approval for the passage of the first state assisted suicide act in
American history. The appeal to individual rights argument ultimately
functioned, in effect, to advance elite goals of controlling demographic
outcomes. In this way individuals are offered apparent choice, while
elite-controlled government extends its powers to manage individual lives.
CWR:
How did Planned Parenthood acquire its untouchable status that is has
today?
Critchlow:
Planned
Parenthood’s “untouchable” status became apparent in this last presidential
election. Any answer to this involved question needs to begin with the
vast cultural changes we have seen since the 1960s’ sexual revolution. That
many women believe the right to contraception means a right to have the federal
government fund contraceptives, without distinction to income or ability to
pay, is an extraordinary extension of the rights argument. It comes at a time
when the nation is in debt to the tune of $16 trillion and the government is
running an annual deficit of $1 trillion. It’s another entitlement at a time
when Medicare and Social Security are going broke. Yet any attack on Planned
Parenthood, a major proponent of free conception on demand, or Obama’s
executive order extending free contraception, was seen as part of a “war on
women.” In a secular age, calls to protect religious freedom, however justified,
simply did not persuade many unmarried women. It might be added that the
contraception revolution has coincided with an out-of-wedlock birth rate today
of over 40 percent. This is hardly healthy for a nation.
CWR: What are the historical origins of
Obama's Affordable Healthcare Act?
Critchlow:
The New Progressive
agenda to control American consumption finds its fullest expression in national
health insurance. When Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act of March 23, 2010, he fulfilled the long-term dream of
progressives to move the nation away from private insurance into a
government-regulated and government-controlled national health care system. The
dream was not fully realized—it was not socialized medicine per se—but a major
advance toward it. Obama and the Democratic-controlled Congress enacted a
national health insurance system mandating that all Americans carry insurance
through their employers, state-run health insurance exchanges, or Medicaid.
Takeover reiterates the costs and fiscal damage
ObamaCare will cause the nation once fully implemented. We explore exactly how
the New Progressives mobilized unions, hospital associations, and big health
insurance to support ObamaCare. Unions such as the United Automobile Workers
Union and the Service Employees International Union proved critical in this
mobilization. By 2007, the SEIU had formed an alliance with the Kaiser
Foundation, Kaiser Hospitals, and Catholic Health Care West to promote health
care entitlements.
While labor
was organizing its troops, other activists were rallying the base in support of
nationalized health care. Especially important was the Association of Community
Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), a grassroots radical group closely
aligned with SEIU. In Chicago, SEIU Local 880 was ACORN. They shared the same
office and same staff. Although ACORN received national notoriety after Obama’s
election—and ultimately would be forced into bankruptcy—the importance of this
organization in the New Progressive agenda should not be underestimated. Formed
in 1970, by former New Leftist and welfare rights organizer Wade Rathke, ACORN
grew into a major activist organization. It became a major advocate of national
health insurance.
Following
Obama’s election in 2008, ACORN launched a vigorous campaign on behalf of
national health insurance. Tamecka Pierce, a member of ACORN’s national board,
was the leader in the national Health Care for America. This 46-state coalition
was supported by more than a thousand organizations. Included in this coalition
were progressive unions, community activists, civil rights groups, feminists,
pro-choice groups, health activists, church groups, and physician and nursing
organizations. Following the election, this alliance rallied to fulfill the
long-sought dream of progressives: national health insurance—that is, the
federal government’s takeover of the nation’s health.
CWR: What is likely to be on the
progressive second term agenda for the Obama administration?
Critchlow:
Obama Democrats
have proclaimed the results of the 2012 election a mandate to go forward with
their agenda. Two things stand in the way of fulfilling this agenda. No,
not the 48 percent of Americans who voted for Romney or the
Republican-controlled House. The two things are a financial crisis and the
potential of a foreign affairs crisis. The financial crisis this country
confronts means, whatever else, that federal spending is going to have to be
cut. This means addressing entitlement programs—including Medicare, Social
Security, Obamacare, welfare costs, student loans—and many, many other
programs.
Already
“stakeholders” in these entitlement programs are demanding that cuts not be
made. SEIU and AARP have been running television commercials not to cut entitlements
until a full national conversation can be held. Cuts in spending threaten to
divide congressional Democrats, special interests such as Democratic-aligned
unions, and constituent groups from the administration. The Obama coalition is
loose and fragile.
Obama began
his 2008 campaign as an anti-Iraq War candidate. In his reelection, he claimed
to have ended Bush’s wars. The United States is still keeping 10,000 troops in
Afghanistan after 2014. Obama might wish a world of peace—but given the world
financial crisis, the rise of our enemies, this next four years won’t be
tranquil. We should pray for peace and world understanding between peoples,
leaders, and nations, while preparing for the worst.
CWR: For advocates of religious freedom,
what do you predict will be the future of the now infamous HHS mandate?
Critchlow:
This is a tough
question, especially knowing that the majority of Roman Catholics voted for
Obama. We can dismiss these voters as not regular church-goers, but their votes
reveal the weakness of Catholic vote. In the end, the Church needs to stand on
principle, not just political expediency. In an age of growing secularism,
religious arguments have less power. In the end, however, the Church is
answerable to God, not public opinion. We can only hope that in the meantime
standing on principle will maintain the respect of the faithful and ultimately
win over those repulsed by the language of religious belief.
Opponents of
HHS faced immense media hostility in this last election. Nonetheless, the
Catholic vote went up for Romney in the last election from 2008. It was not
enough to win the election, but it’s a positive sign. The US Supreme Court
recently ordered the Fourth Circuit Court to review arguments for the exclusion
of religious organizations from the ObamaCare mandate in a case involving
Liberty University. The fate of this mandate and other federal mandates remains
uncertain at this point.
CWR: What is the likely future of the New
Progressives? How can conservatives compete with them?
Critchlow:
We are historians,
so it’s easier for us to predict that past than the future. We can say that our
study of American political history shows that one party cannot maintain power
forever. Republicans and conservatives need to develop a language of freedom
and liberty that appeals to a larger electorate. This is especially true for
young voters and ethnic voters. Yet political rhetoric and public policy can
only go so far. In the end, many political issues are cultural issues, and it
is here that we are most concerned. We need a spiritual reformation at this
point in our history. It has occurred in our nation’s past, so it’s not wishful
thinking to believe that it can occur again.
There is
room for optimism in these difficult financial and political times. We are
experiencing an unprecedented threat to our constitutional government, a
balance between federal and state power, individual rights, and freedom itself.
It is a challenge to preserve what our founders created and our forbearers
fought and died to protect. We must be no less heroic and equally
determined to ensure our experiment in democracy is continued for our
generation and for future generations of Americans to come.