Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta sida. Mostrar todas as mensagens
Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta sida. Mostrar todas as mensagens

quarta-feira, 3 de agosto de 2011

AIDS and Population Control: Increasing Women's Risk

by Jennifer I Kimball, Be.L. and Steven W. Mosher

In Culture of Life Foundation

Thirty years after the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported the first US case of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the disease continues to stretch its shroud of death across the world. This, despite the billions of dollars that have been invested in the development of vaccines, spent on anti-retroviral therapies, and strewn about in condom distribution and sexual education schemes.

But there is a strange and disturbing trend now evident in the new cases of HIV/AIDS being reported, and it concerns women of reproductive age.

According to the most recent report of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, published in 2009, close to 50% of all newly acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 infections across the globe now occur in women of reproductive age. Only a decade before, in 1998, only roughly 36% of reported cases concerned women of all ages. Why this vast increase? Why, when treatment for HIV has become more accessible and the overall death toll has slowly been decreasing, are more and more women being infected? And why is the increase concentrated in women in their childbearing years?

Heterosexual intercourse is the point of transmission for the majority of these newly infected women. No surprise here. But sex is not just sex these days. Heavily funded population control programs have promoted, and even imposed, powerful, steroid-based contraceptive drugs on tens of millions of Third World women. What they trumpet as “greater global access to family planning methods” has in fact given the HIV virus greater access to women's bodies by altering women's local and systemic immunities, cervico-vaginal responses and protective vaginal flora—all in directions that make infection more likely.

Statistics gathered over the past 20 years reveal a parallel between an increase in contraceptive drug use and an increase in HIV-1 infections in women. Several epidemiological studies over the same period also seem to demonstrate a link. These studies were conducted with various cohorts of women from married mothers to single adolescents to “sex workers”, and were carried out, for the most part, among the populations of users of African family planning clinics. A link between the use of contraceptive drugs and HIV-1 disease acquisition and progression seemed evident, although most of the studies—for whatever reason—failed to draw any consistent or strong conclusions about this link. And none suggested that family planning programs ought to be modified or scaled back as a result.

One meta-analysis of 28 studies in 1999 suggested a positive association between oral contraceptives and HIV-1 incidence. A later study, however, carried out in 2006, claimed that there was no overall risk of acquiring HIV-1 as a result of such drug use. Such disparate results enable the promoters of population control programs to continue to rely on such contraceptive drugs, claiming, “the science is not settled.” Many of the organizations involved in such programs are, for obvious reasons, reluctant to offer clarity to women on the correlation between contraceptive use and HIV- disease prevalence in women. Indeed, several studies almost seem designed to deliberately obscure this fact.

Additional evidence of such a link comes from other studies that conclusively demonstrate that hormonal contraceptive use is positively associated with an increased risk of several other sexually transmitted infections (STI's) such as Chlamydia.

So why are the studies involving HIV-1 transmission so inconclusive? Reasons include poor controls on variables such as age and sexual lifestyle variants, infrequent assessment, lack of follow-up and widely varying contraceptive delivery methods. Attempts at rendering comparative data are difficult, and some of the statistical compilations and some of the meta-analytical efforts, seemed designed to serve population politics.

There are other lacunae as well. Few studies consider the different effects of estrogen and progesterone—and their synthetic steroid-based counterparts--on vaginal and cervical structure and immunity. The studies that have been done broadly compare “hormonal contraceptive” use to HIV-1 acquisition and progression across a diverse range of deliverables--oral, injectible, intra-uteral, etc.—that are lumped together under one generic “hormonal contraceptive” title. The most common such amalgamation, Combined Oral Contraceptives (COC's), consists of both hormonal (estrogen-like compounds) and steroidal (progestin) agents that work together to prevent ovulation, taken daily as “the pill.”

Other forms of contraceptive delivery include progestogen-only, such as the high-dose injectables Depo-Provera (DMPA) and Noristerat, moderate-dose pills, low-dose subdermal implants and laced intra-uterine devices (IUD's). These steroidal forms of preventing pregnancy affect the female reproductive system somewhat differently than their estrogen-like counterparts. In low-dose delivery regimens, progestins cause a thickening of cervical mucus inhibiting sperm viability and penetration. In high-dose delivery, cervico-vaginal changes also occur: follicular development is halted along with ovulation and the endometrium is thinned. The progestogen-only effects are clear: they weigh heavily on women's cervico-vaginal structure and protective flora, hence reducing a woman's ability to ward off infection. As far back as 1991 abnormal changes in the condition of the cervix was found to be strongly been associated with increased susceptibility to HIV/AIDS acquisition.

The chain of reasoning is straightforward: Women who take drug-based hormonal and steroidal contraceptives are at increased risk of STI's. HIV/AIDS is an STI. Therefore, women who take powerful steroid-based drugs called “hormonal contraceptives” are at increased risk of contracting the HIV virus.

It's time that researchers and policy makers faced these facts responsibly, for women's sake.

quarta-feira, 13 de julho de 2011

At What Age Do Adolescents Become Sexually Active? (Hint: It's Later than You Think)

The age at which teenagers begin to engage in sexual activity is a critical variable for those who would make public policy in the health field. Early onset of sexual activity is associated with higher rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), teen pregnancy, depression, suicide, and other adverse consequences.

However, just how to determine this age can be difficult to determine, and some commonly used calculations can lead to grossly erroneous results, as a groundbreaking study by Dr. Jokin de Irala has now demonstrated.

Dr. Irala carried out a multi-national survey of 7,011 adolescents of both genders from private and public schools in Peru, El Salvador and Spain to gather data on the age of first sexual intercourse. In his study, which used a significantly larger sampling of adolescents than similar surveys, De Irala calculated the age at first sexual intercourse using both of the methods commonly relied upon: ‘‘the mean age at first sexual intercourse” and “proportions having already had sex at given ages.”

It turns out that the second formula—the proportions having already had sex at given ages—shows that most adolescents are chaste for far longer than the sex educators, and the media, would have us believe.

“Average age at first intercourse, obtained from published epidemiological studies about sexuality, are often presented by the media in such a way that ignores the real meaning of the data. Those who rely upon the media for information, such as the general population and the young people themselves, can be misled,” De Irala states.

What Dr. Irala is referring to is the claim, frequently repeated by the mass media, that “the mean age at first sexual intercourse is 15 years old.” This claim frequently surfaces in the debates on how to prevent AIDS, when it is invariably asserted that the majority of adolescents at 15 years old have engaged in sexual activity. But this is simply not true. The majority are, the data show, still chaste at that age.

Of course, if public health officials believe that middle school-aged children are having sex, they will begin to push all kinds of programs in the schools that will have the perverse effect of encouraging children who are not sexually active to become so. This will have an adverse effect on the health of adolescents. In the case of AIDS, it could even be fatal.

Why is “mean age at first sexual intercourse” misleading?

It is misleading because it collapses the data into a single number. When someone reads that “the mean age at first sexual intercourse is 15 years old,” they assume that the great majority of adolescents have had sexual intercourse at 15 years old. But this is simply not true. When you look at the complete data, as Dr. Irala has done, you realize that proportion of adolescents 15 years of age who have already had sex is only 20 percent!

The most common mistake made in the other studies that Dr. Irala examined is using only the individuals who have already had sexual intercourse at a given age to determine the mean age at first sexual intercourse. This approach results in a number that only describes the sexually active part of the population of adolescents. But if you consider the entire universe of adolescents—both those sexually active and those who are not—the results are very, very different.

De Irala's study demonstrates this very clearly. In the three countries he examined, “the mean age at first sexual intercourse” is about 15 years old. But now look at Table 1 below, the calculation of the “proportions having already had sex at given ages.” Sexually active adolescents under the age of 18 are actually in the minority!


AgePercentage sexually active at this age

El SalvadorPeruSpain
136.74.4-
1413.89.6-
1520.917.0-
1626.621.421.7
1732.029.434.8
1838.040.062.9
1945.5-78.0
20--79.5

In a personal interview, Jokin de Irala explained to PRI how even an expert can fail to appreciate how “median age of first sexual intercourse” greatly exaggerates the percentage who are sexually active at given ages. “Even most social scientists fail to appreciate this problem,” he told us. “This slanting of the data should now be recognized for what it is, and this approach abandoned, by any researcher who wants to carry out a reliable investigation into adolescent sexual behavior,” he added.

Public health organizations like HHS, USAID, UNAIDS, HRRS, etc., need to rethink their assumptions about the proportion of adolescents who are sexually active. Believing—wrongly—that the majority of adolescents are sexually active at 15 years old, they impose condom distribution schemes and sex education courses on kids at ever younger ages.

At the same time they refuse to consider abstinence as a viable sexual behavior because they are already convinced that “the majority does it.” If these public health organizations recognized that in reality only 20% of 15-year-olds are sexually active, perhaps their priority would shift to strengthening the decision of the other 80% of adolescents to not have sex. (Or perhaps they wouldn't, since the goal of at least some of those who work in these organizations is to convince innocent children to have sex as early and as often as possible.)

Responsible public policy makers need to know that only a fraction of 15-year-olds are sexually active. They need to know that it is counterproductive, even dangerous, to distribute condoms and contraceptives to all adolescents. They need to know that such programs only produce more adolescents having sex in circumstances that put them at emotional, physical, and moral risk.

Spread the word.

Source: De Irala J, Osorio A, Carlos S, Ruiz-Canela M, López-del Burgo C. “Mean age of first sex: Do they know what we mean?” Arch Sex Behav 2011. DOI 10.1007/s10508-011-9779-4

Available at http://www.unav.es/centro/afectividad-sexualidad/files/file/mean_age_archives.pdf (PDF).

More articles by Dr. Jokin de Irala at: http://www.unav.es/centro/afectividad-sexualidad/publicaciones1.

quarta-feira, 22 de dezembro de 2010

Reply to the open letter of L. Gormally - by Martin Rhonheimer


In www.chiesa.espressonline.it

Dear Luke,

I agree that at this stage of the debate it is best to address each other publicly and that, indeed, the time of our “private and friendly email exchanges” about this topic in earlier years is now over. But I feel a little saddened by the rather unfriendly way you have done so, without first seeking personal contact. Given that you already addressed me publicly in your 2005 "National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly" (NCBQ) article, which on your request was also distributed by www.chiesa, I am now surprised that you actually choose the form of a “letter” to address me. As you will see in the following, I have a guess about your possible reasons for doing so.

You wonder what might be implied in my statement that the Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith (CDF) “had no problem” with my 2004 "Tablet" article, and then take this somewhat vague phrase of mine and try to give it a weight it simply does not have. You suggest that I falsely claimed that my 2004 article was formally examined and approved by the CDF, when you know that no such formal examination took place. It seems that you are publicly pushing such a reading of my words in order to set the staff of the CDF against me. Rather than asking me what I meant by the phrase, you write: “There is clearly an urgent need now for the Congregation publicly to clarify its position.”

Let me now explain what lay behind my phrase. What I said about the CDF has to be read in the context of my interview with "Our Sunday Visitor" (OSV) Newsweekly in which, in response to a question, I said:

"After publishing that article in July 2004 and becoming aware that, unexpectedly for me, it was being heavily criticized by some moral theologians faithful to the Magisterium, I sent the article to the CDF, and was subsequently informed that they had no problem with it."

Neither here nor anywhere else do I suggest that there was a formal examination and approval of my article by the CDF. Indeed, the Congregation only entered into this matter because I was urged to seek its advice following the publication of that article.

What happened was this. After the article came out a very good friend of mine, a highly influential moral theologian who was personally opposed to what I wrote in "The Tablet," came to me also on behalf of others. He urged me in the strongest terms to retract from what he, and other critics of my article, considered to be scandalous affirmations opposed to Church teaching. Concerned to protect my reputation, my friend even urged me to issue a formal statement of submission to the Magisterium, which, he said, was necessary to allay any doubt about my orthodoxy.

Because all this came from a person who has always merited, and continues to merit, my highest respect and gratitude, I was very worried, and immediately informed the CDF about the article and the reactions it had provoked. I also offered to issue a statement of submission, as my friend had suggested.

The answer I received from two different persons at the Congregation was the following: that in the CDF my article had not caused any concern; and that I should certainly not issue any public statement of the sort I was being urged to make. Now, these persons were not consultors but key members of the CDF staff, close to its then prefect, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger. I was therefore confident that they were speaking with full knowledge of what was going on in the Congregation.

Naturally I was relieved. But I did not think then, nor do I think now, that this advice was anything other than personal and informal, and by referring to it I never suggested that my article had been officially examined or its content been formally approved by the Congregation. Nor do I think that anyone could possibly read my words to OSV as a claim of formal approval. Had there been a formal assessment by the CDF I would have said so.

Yet it remains the case that, in contrast to your reaction and that of some others, the Congregation did not consider the article scandalous or in contravention of church teaching. This is what I meant with “they had no problem with it” which I think is an appropriate formulation for what happened.

Moreover, when Sandro Magister published my recent article at www.chiesa translated into different languages, I asked him to change one of the renditions to avoid giving the impression that this article was officially examined or approved by the CDF.

I hope that with these explanations the question you ask of “what precisely is meant” by my remarks to OSV in respect of the CDF and my article can now be considered settled.

In your letter you also assert that my recent interventions “amount in effect to renewed public advocacy of [my] point of view.” You know very well that some time ago I declared in the NCBQ that I would not further defend in public my view that condomized sexual intercourse can be a marital act, and would instead await a decision by Church authorities on this topic. Of course, Pope Benedict’s statement on prophylactic condom use in his interview with Peter Seewald changed the situation in one very substantial aspect: if I was criticized in 2004 by many because of my views on prophylactic condom use in morally disordered sexual activity, I am not surprised that now the Holy Father is criticized by the same people for expressing analogous views. It was obvious that for my critics, including of course yourself, the Holy Father’s words on condoms were upsetting. Other critics such as Janet E. Smith and George Weigel have sought to give a particular interpretation of the Pope’s remarks which in my view is forced and unsustainable. You and others clearly considered the Pope to be mistaken.

When "Light of the World" was published, I thought it appropriate to help to clarify what the Holy Father said, not because I sought to add to his words or even put a particular gloss on them, but because they needed to be defended against interpretations which distorted them. Those distortions were being aired not just by some journalists and revisionist moral theologians, but also by those who, while claiming to be faithful to the Magisterium, excoriated the Holy Father. In a letter to Sandro Magister published at www.chiesa, for example, you accused Pope Benedict of acting “irresponsibly” by giving “ambiguously phrased responses to Seewald” and describing him as acting “self-indulgently.”

In light of public admission of attempts to prevent its publication, I had the impression that the English translation of that passage had been “softened” so as to make it more acceptable to those who regarded the Holy Father’s remarks as erroneous or imprudent. This, and the imprecision in the Italian translation, led to the clarification by Fr. Lombardi which those same critics have never really accepted. George Weigel, for example, has written that Fr. Lombardi’s clarifications “made matters worse” and has even suggested that the Vatican’s spokesman did not accurately communicate the Holy Father’s mind.

In order to defend what seemed to me the authentic meaning of the Holy Father’s statement – which, as I explained in my OSV interview, was a very limited and qualified statement – I could not avoid explaining again some aspects of my views concerning prophylactic condom use in the case of prostitutes and other morally disordered forms of sexual activity. Yet I explicitly avoided engaging the question of condom use in marriage. I mentioned that in 2004 I had not considered your argument, relying as it did on Canon Law, and that I would prefer to wait for an official decision on that issue. What I did, and had to do in the present circumstances, was to reformulate the problem in order to explain the primary point on which I disagreed with my critics. At the same time I made it clear that the Pope had not touched on the question of the serodiscordant married couple and that no one could use his remarks to claim that this question had been settled. So what I am going on to say now should in no way be claimed to be an insight into the Holy Father’s mind on this question. I honestly don’t know what Pope Benedict thinks about these issues.

Your publicly addressing me with this question in an open letter forces me to restate my point of view so as to prevent giving the impression that your position is unchallenged. The first thing I wish to clarify is that you misrepresent – as did others – what I said on prophylactic condom use by prostitutes and fornicators. You reproach me for endorsing – in cases where people cannot be persuaded from abstaining from immoral behaviour – “the ‘common sense’, worldly wisdom” of “representing as preferable ‘sins against nature’ which are more deeply corrupting of a person’s sexual dispositions.” This is an erroneous reformulation of my view which is beside the point. It also reflects your view that what the Holy Father said in his interview is “irresponsible” and actually mistaken – perhaps even – in your words – “subversive” of Catholic moral teaching.

Secondly you seem to me to confound Catholic moral teaching on the one hand and the reasons or arguments given for this teaching, on the other. You refer to a – certainly very consistent – view about “sins against nature” in the case of marital acts. I do not in the least deny the existence of “sins against nature” and have written much about this in defence of St Thomas Aquinas’ teaching on this topic against revisionist moral theologians. Yet we should keep in mind that in order to understand what in the case of marital acts a “sin against nature” was, Aquinas, along with many other theologians before and after him, mainly St. Augustine, depended on the biological knowledge about human reproduction available at their time. They believed that the entire power of life was in the male semen, totally ignoring the existence of the female ovum, and that human life comes into existence through the fusion of the two gametes.

This influential “tradition” is why, even to this day, the majority of canon lawyers – there has been disagreement about this during the revision of the Code of Canon Law – do not consider condomized sexual intercourse to be marital acts capable of consummating a marriage, while they consider a marriage to be consummated in which hormonal contraception is practised, precisely because the male semen has entered the vagina. This is also why for a long time Canon Law practically equated contraception and abortion, thinking that the impeding of insemination was a kind of early stage of homicide and thus a sin against the Fifth Commandment. Though there are some who also today have based an argument against contraception on this tradition of seeing contraception as analogous to homicide, this interpretation seems nowadays to be obsolete. Pope John Paul II’s encyclical "Evangelium vitae" (Nr. 13) explicitly teaches that, unlike abortion, contraception is not a sin against justice but against chastity: “… from the moral point of view contraception and abortion are specifically different evils: the former contradicts the full truth of the sexual act as the proper expression of conjugal love, while the latter destroys the life of a human being; the former is opposed to the virtue of chastity in marriage, the latter is opposed to the virtue of justice and directly violates the divine commandment ‘You shall not kill’.”

Let me simply ask whether it is necessary to hold, as an integral component of Catholic moral teaching, that unless there is actual insemination “into” the vagina (not merely “in,” as is possible with a condom, but “into”), a sexual act cannot be a conjugal act (the differentiation between “into” and “in”, and what is really required to consummate marriage, remains a disputed question in Canon Law which is originally related to the problem of impotence). The tradition of Canon Law to which you constantly refer is venerable and has its weight. Though expressing an important truth, namely the truth that sexuality is by nature ordered to the transmission of human life, the concrete role and significance of this traditional argument is not unchangeable. And it is not undisputed among canon lawyers themselves (I will spare you with the details).

In reality, it is not so much Canon 1061 §1 itself on which the differences turn but rather its interpretation: and mainly the interpretation of the concept of “conjugal act” used in this canon as an act “which is suitable in itself for the procreation of offspring, to which marriage is ordered by its nature and by which the spouses become one flesh.” Reference to the phrase “suitable in itself for the procreation of offspring” is the core of your argument. However, yours is a determinate interpretation of this expression, as is also your interpretation of the expression “one flesh” (which according to patristic tradition is not related to insemination or to any kind of skin contact not impeded by latex but rather to the indissolubility of marriage). These are highly technical matters, but you refer to them as if they were beyond any possibility of being challenged and also as if canonical jurisprudence were an unchangeable part of Catholic moral doctrine.

What is unchangeable is that the intentional separation of the procreative and the unitive meaning of the marital acts by contraception is intrinsically evil because it destroys the natural meaning of sexuality as being ordered to the transmission of life and therefore simultaneously undermines the unitive meaning of marital love. Is contraception a “sin against nature”? Yes, certainly. But it is a sin against nature exactly because it is opposed to the virtue of chastity, and not the other way round: it is not against chastity simply because it is “against nature” – because you always need a further specifically moral argument to show why doing something “against nature” is also a sin against nature. I shall not explain this here in detail – I have written enough about it elsewhere – but the point is that in order to identify a “sin against nature” one must have an argument which shows that in this case “nature” which is acted against is a necessary presupposition for the order of reason (which is the order of the moral virtues). Aquinas also affirms this, even though in the case of sexual morality his views are obviously influenced by a defective knowledge of the biology of reproduction (which affects some of his arguments in sexual morality).

What I said has nothing to do with “intentionalism,” as some claim without having studied – or by clearly misrepresenting – my writings about this subject. Steven A. Long, for example, who has repeated this charge against me on www.chiesa as well as his blog, despite being repeatedly shown by me and others that he was wrong in blaming me for this, and that he gravely misrepresented my views on “object” and “intention.” George Weigel now echoes Long’s charges without apparently having studied my work on this topic; he writes as if my views were the end of Catholic presence in health care institutions. Relying on Steven Long, Weigel makes the following wild assertion on his "First Things" blog: “If the Rhonheimer approach were adopted, [Long] cautioned, that would ‘signal the end of any distinctive Catholic presence in hospitals, or in the bio-medical conversations of the day, because intentionalism is frankly a doctrine that can justify anything...’.” This comes near to slander and is a most regrettable misconstrual of my arguments. These are not methods used in debates but in political campaigns designed to force change through the application of pressure – in this case, by raising the spectre of the Church losing its distinctive witness. Long and Weigel’s remarks are corrosive of the collegiality and mutual respect that should characterize Catholic intellectual life; that they have been published by people with which I am connected in a friendly way causes me both perplexity and additional distress.

My position on the questions is very far from “intentionalism”: it is the fruit of an analysis of the nature of human acts in studies written during the last 25 years. You refer to "Humanae vitae" section 12 saying that there is “an inseparable connection – established by God and not to be broken by human choice – between the unitive meaning and the procreative meaning which are both inherent in the conjugal act” and you think that this quotation is sufficient to end the debate in your favour. Yet you simply read it your way, without considering the context in which this was said and which permits also other understandings of this passage.

As I have written in a privately distributed text containing some clarifications about my 2004 article in "The Tablet", Paul VI’s encyclical "Humanae vitae" – and this was new – defined contraception not in traditional terms of frustrating natural processes and patterns, but in terms of its intentional opposition to the bonum prolis, the specific marital “good of offspring”. (Notice that Catholic tradition has always spoken of the "bonum prolis," the good of offspring, and not a "bonum inseminationis." Insemination is a morally important good only to the extent it is a means for the good of offspring, but not in itself.)

The more precise definition of the contraceptive act by "Humanae vitae" was articulated to meet the need to include in the moral norm prohibiting contraception not only “unnatural” means such as physical barriers impeding insemination, but also hormonal anti-ovulatory technologies. In their efforts to have the latter declared acceptable, many theologians in the 1960s argued that ”the Pill” emulates nature, which renders a woman infertile at times through the hormonal control of the process of ovulation.

To take an anovulant pill, they argued, does not mean to pervert, in a way considered to be intrinsically “against nature”, the generative faculty or the act of copulation; hormonal contraception, they contended, only does what nature herself does, that is, it interrupts ovulation and therewith renders the penetration of the male semen generatively ineffective. Because insemination into the vagina was not impeded by any unnatural barrier when using “the Pill,” the naturally fertile structure of the marital act was not violated and fertility was regulated much as nature itself does. You will no doubt notice that the point of departure of the revisionist justification of the pill is close to your way of arguing!

Revisionists then argued that, instead of nature regulating fertility through hormonal levels, it is now the spouses who make this choice as a part of responsible parenthood, leaving the natural process of insemination intact. Hormonal contraception, they concluded, was entirely “natural” – in the sense of not being “against nature” – and, therefore, morally acceptable. Paul VI rejected this view, entirely focused on “nature” in the sense of physiological patterns, when he taught in "Humanae vitae" that the sinfulness of contraception was not the physical “unnaturalness” of the act, but the very purpose of having sex while simultaneously and intentionally trying to deprive it of its possible procreative effect. This precisely applies equally and exactly for the same reason both to mechanical barriers, like condoms, and to hormonal contraceptives.

This is why "Humanae vitae" section 14 is so important. It contains the definition of contraception which has been included into the "Catechism of the Catholic Church" (Nr. 2370). You and others who argue in your way seem completely to overlook this passage. It defines the contraceptive act as an “action which, whether in anticipation of the conjugal act, or in its accomplishment, or in the development of its natural consequences, proposes (Latin 'intendat'), whether as an end or as a means, to render procreation impossible”, that is, it is done for the very purpose or proposal of preventing conception into the definition of the morally evil act.

As "Humanae vitae" states, this doctrine is founded on the inseparable connection between the procreative and the unitive meanings of the marital act. This means that the unitive meaning of this act includes its procreative significance, and vice versa. To be an act of true marital love, the sexual union between the spouses must include both their mutual and unitive self-giving and their openness to serve, through their love, the task of transmitting human life. This is why “intention” – the end or purpose sought in the action – is so important to define the very contraceptive act: this openness of the spouses, and therefore the openness of their sexual acts – as human acts – to the task of transmitting human life, depends on their willingness to responsibly serve this task whereas a contraceptive act is precisely opposed to doing so.

As you very well know, the official Latin text does not speak about “openness” but says that each and every marriage act has to be “per se orientated ('per se destinatus') towards the transmission of life”. In other words, the required “openness” of each marital act to procreation is not a property of marital acts insofar as they are physical acts, but considered as intentional actions, that is, insofar as they are the object of a choosing will. Such intentional openness means that every marital act must always be chosen and carried out as an act which embodies the spouses’ commitment to responsibly serving the task of transmitting life. This intentional openness rules out an intentional act against the transmission of life, but it does not rule out marital acts that cannot be physically generative independent from one's intentions (e. g. for natural reasons).

This is why "Humanae vitae" stresses that natural infertility, which is outside the agent’s intention, does not prevent naturally infertile acts from being “open” (or "per se destinatus") – precisely not in a biological, but intentional sense – to the task of transmitting human life. This also applies to other cases in which nothing is intentionally done to prevent sexual acts from being procreative, that is, in which nothing is done intending the end or goal that procreation be impeded. This specifies the real evil of contraception: to want to have sex and at the same time to prevent its procreative consequences; to avoid, therefore, modifying one’s bodily, sexual behavior for reasons of procreative responsibility, thus depriving sexual acts of their full marital meaning which includes both the unitive and the procreative dimensions.

Finally, consider that "Humanae vitae" (Nr. 15) affirms that “the Church does not consider at all illicit the use of those therapeutic means necessary to cure bodily diseases, even if a foreseeable impediment to procreation should result there from – provided such impediment is not directly intended for any motive whatsoever.” I quote this passage not to suggest that condoms used for prophylactic reasons are a therapeutic means, but because this passage implies that intending the therapeutic end is not a further intention rendering good an otherwise evil act (impeding procreation) but is instead the proposal or intention that specifies the very object of the act. So by extracting a cancerous ovary, for example, one directly does something which will impede procreation. The therapeutic end, however, is what defines the object of this act as an act of healing (This follows the clear teaching of St. Thomas Aquinas that the human act has a single proximate end from which it gets its species and that the relation to a natural end is accidental to the morality of the act. See "Summa Theologiae" I-II, q.1, a.3, ad.3). The same physical act of extracting the ovary therefore may be an act which is different by its moral object depending on the proposal (or intention) with which it is done: it can be an act of sterilization or a therapeutic act of healing a cancer (the fact of the ovary being cancerous is a circumstance with a special relation to reason making the choice – or proposal – of extirpating the ovary to be therapeutic by its object). "Humanae vitae" therefore considers licit those acts which by their physical nature directly impede procreation yet which, in terms of their moral object, are not acts of contraception (or in this case: of sterilization), and this because of the different end they seek and proposal they embody. This again manifests how central for "Humanae vitae" is the consideration of contraception as an intentional action, defined not only by what occurs physically, but also by the end for which it is carried out.

Now, what I have summarized above is simply a different interpretation of the texts of "Humane vitae", one which, I suggest, has a wider textual basis and more thorough theoretical grounding than your own (for a thorough treatment see Part I of my "Ethics of Procreation and the Defense of Human Life," CUA Press 2010). My interpretation affirms the traditional teaching that contraception is intrinsically evil, but with a different rationale, yielding some different applications in special cases. The point of it all, as you say– and here we agree – is to live the virtue of chastity. Now it seems to me that your conception of chastity is very much tied to “refraining from sinful acts,” and to an emphasis on the absolute inviolability of insemination. But this is not the classical concept of chastity; at least, it is only a marginal part of it.

Considered as a moral virtue, chastity is part of the cardinal virtue of temperance. According to Aristotle and Aquinas, temperance is essentially about relating to one’s sensual drives – including the sexual drive – according to right reason, by imprinting right reason in one’s concrete bodily behaviour. Contraception is against nature because it impedes the virtue of chastity (especially the subset of it which I call procreative responsibility) by rendering superfluous the need to imprint right reason into bodily behaviour (by acts of refraining from sexual intercourse for reasons of procreative responsibility). A sinful act must be defined from the starting point of the requirements of the virtue of temperance and, in the present case, chastity, and not vice versa, as you propose. This, after all, is the methodology Aquinas has taught us: that to know whether an act is sinful you must know to which virtue it is opposed. It is the ends of the virtues – which coincide with the principles (or precepts) of natural law – which, by looking at what opposes them, define sinful moral behaviour.

I am aware that, as you wrote in your letter, your “critique did not rest on any claim that the use of a condom is necessarily contraceptive” but rather on the argument that condomistic intercourse “is an essentially non-reproductive sexual behaviour.” You perhaps can accept what I say about contraception, but you want to distinguish – from any form of contracepted acts – those acts which in addition are behaviourally essentially non-reproductive and therefore “against nature.” In my view "Humanae vitae" has rendered obsolete this distinction.

As I have written in my recent response to Janet E. Smith, “[i]n light of a new challenge posed by the anovulant pill, which forced the Church to make clear that the evil of contraception was not essentially located in the interruption of insemination, I believe that the encyclical 'Humanae Vitae' is best understood as opening the way toward a new perspective giving greater attention to intentional human actions and moral virtue, a more personalistic emphasis reflected in the Second Vatican Council which in its Pastoral Constitution 'Gaudium et Spes,' No. 51, demanded an approach by ‘objective standards… based on the nature of the human person and his acts,’ which ‘preserve the full sense of mutual self-giving and human procreation in the context of true love,’ a goal which ‘cannot be achieved unless the virtue of conjugal chastity is sincerely practiced’.”

The teaching remains; the arguments are modified, and some concrete applications may change, as perhaps what canon lawyers understand as consummating marriage, that is, how they will interpret the phrase “suitable in itself for the procreation of offspring.” It seems to me that – like many more traditionalistic than traditionally thinking people – you tend to conflate the arguments with the teaching itself, confusing what is contingent and accidental with the substance of the teaching. In my view, this confusion is a serious impediment for understanding the encyclical "Humanae vitae" which still needs to be discovered and made understood to the world. It is prophetic and is full of wisdom, a wisdom not tied to a certain view about nature contingent on knowledge of biological facts – which are morally relevant, but not yet a moral argument – but rather the wisdom of a morality rooted in the virtues as moral perfection and fulfilment of what human nature essentially is. This allows us to discuss sexual morality in light of a rich understanding of conjugal chastity as expressed in the full truth about marriage.

That is why what you call subversive to my ears sounds rather promising – and not just to me but to many others faithful to Church teaching. Pope Benedict XVI himself notes in "Light of the World" that the “basic lines of 'Humanae vitae' are still correct” but that finding ways for people to live it are a “further question”. We need to express that teaching, he notes, “in the context of today’s studies of sexuality and anthropology.”

So it is a debate which needs to be carried on. I would not have entered into this question had you not forced me to do so by addressing me in an open letter. You and others have publicly demanded “an authoritative clarification” of this issue, hoping for a statement by the CDF which directly or indirectly suggests that my view is opposed to catholic moral teaching. It was in the light of that demand that I have sought to clarify once more exactly what I am saying, and what is at stake in this question. As is obvious, I certainly do not think that your position is opposed to Church teaching; but I do see it as a different approach, more traditional in certain respects but with serious disadvantages (and the roots of my approach in Aristotelian virtue ethics are far from novel). As I see it, both views can coexist with the traditional Catholic rejection of contraception; it would be regrettable if, at this stage, the debate were simply be closed by an authoritative decision. But as I have constantly repeated, if this happens I will readily adhere to any such decision.

I am conscious that with this letter, under challenge from your letter, I have been forced to again publicly expose my view on this issue. I do not want to insist that I am right. As everybody who is convinced of his own point of view I must and actually do consider that I can be mistaken. I have great respect for your argument and always thought that you were setting it forth it in a very consistent way. However, I know that many prominent moral theologians – who for different reasons cannot, or have not chosen to, give me public support – agree with me. I also feel supported by declarations in the past and the present by Church prelates who have issued similar views, some of them having privately congratulated and encouraged me. I say this because you and others try to give the impression of my being a solitary voice, opposed by the large majority of moral theologians. This is simply untrue.

But while I welcome this debate, and believe it should continue, I am worried by your tendency – and that of others who take your view – simply to repeat over and over again their positions like a kind of mantra, without listening to counterarguments. Some years ago I challenged your argument, referring to it in an important footnote in an article published in the NCBQ. You never replied to my argument, but recently you have publicly repeated, and distributed via the Internet, the original article without having addressed my counter arguments.

Lastly, and this is important, my agenda is absolutely not to promote the use of condoms, either for married or for unmarried people. Although my views were clearly stated from the beginning, many have somehow misunderstood what I wrote and therefore now wonder why I assert – as I already did in 2004 – that I would never advise either unmarried or married people to use a condom for prophylactic reasons but rather try to convince them to completely abstain from sexual intercourse. There are many good reasons to do so. But my real agenda is quite different: it is to defend and promote the teaching of the encyclical "Humanae vitae" on contraception and chastity. I am convinced that the kind of argument you are promoting is actually harmful to a right understanding of this encyclical; and that this argument was one of the reasons it was so heavily misunderstood and contested. Revisionist theologians precisely started from the kind of view which you still defend, using its flaws and weaknesses to undermine the authority and intelligibility of Paul VI’s teaching. Pope Benedict XVI says in "Light of the World" that there is now a great and urgent need to take a fresh start in understanding "Humanae vitae" and communicating its message to the faithful and the entire world. I am personally convinced that to do so we need to overcome the kind of argument you rely on, and to deepen our understanding of both the meaning of the moral virtue of chastity, and of why contraception is opposed to this virtue.

This is not breaking with tradition, as some think. The way I argue is in many aspects more rooted in tradition than reliance on the scientifically mistaken idea: that for a conjugal act to be a generative kind of act and essentially reproductive behaviour, the penetrating of male semen into the vagina is the only requirement. On the basis of modern knowledge of the biological process of reproduction and, thus, “nature,” your understanding of the relevance of insemination is counterintuitive because it disregards the contribution of the female ovum. I know that you will try to rebut this by saying that it is the external behavioural pattern that counts. But, with such an argument, you will incur the difficulty of promoting an even more one sided view of sexuality, which focuses only on the male contribution to the conjugal act. You should then admit that, according to your approach, a marital act intentionally rendered infertile by the anovulatory pill is still an act of a generative kind because the behavioural pattern of depositing semen into the vagina remains unaltered, despite the fact that the allegedly generative character of that deposition is now an utter farce! It takes pre-modern and pre-scientific biology to render such a claim intuitively appealing.

Nor is my approach to the analysis of human action and its moral specification – which is firmly grounded in the teaching of Aquinas – to be dismissed as “intentionalism”; what I hold is certainly not a relativistic notion that intentions are independent from objective givens and circumstances. Intentional actions are shaped by the object of the human act as it is presented to the choosing will by reason. The human will cannot shift at whim deciding what is the moral object and therefore the basic moral quality of one’s act. I know that on this last point we both agree. But we disagree about how to make out, in this single case, what is according to right reason. Such a disagreement is not, in my view, a tragedy. In any case, I could very well live with your argument being the right one. But I think your understanding of the decisive role of insemination is really not the point of "Humanae vitae," and such an understanding makes it difficult to grasp the essence of its teaching about the virtue of marital chastity.

I think, however, that there is a deep truth contained in the traditional argument which you defend, namely a deep awareness of the holiness of human life and the conviction that the sexual union between man and woman united in marriage serves not only a biological pattern or necessity in the course of evolution, but a divine and holy design. This is, as I should wish to emphasize, what confers to contraception – the intentional separation of sexuality and procreation – its character of an especially grave moral disorder. This is the tradition we have to uphold and announce to the world, even if the arguments evolve or change in certain aspects.

I hope that someday we will be back to the good old days when we friendly and privately exchanged emails instead of publicly debating in open letters.

In the meantime, please accept my warm best wishes for a blessed and happy Christmas and a fruitful 2011

Fr. Martin Rhonheimer

December 21, 2010

Nota da Congregação para a Doutrina da Fé sobre a banalização da sexualidade


A propósito de algumas leituras de «Luz do mundo»


In agência ecclesia

Por ocasião da publicação do livro-entrevista de Bento XVI, «Luz do Mundo», foram difundidas diversas interpretações não correctas, que geraram confusão sobre a posição da Igreja Católica quanto a algumas questões de moral sexual. Não raro, o pensamento do Papa foi instrumentalizado para fins e interesses alheios ao sentido das suas palavras, que aparece evidente se se lerem inteiramente os capítulos onde se alude à sexualidade humana. O interesse do Santo Padre é claro: reencontrar a grandeza do projecto de Deus sobre a sexualidade, evitando a banalização hoje generalizada da mesma.

Algumas interpretações apresentaram as palavras do Papa como afirmações em contraste com a tradição moral da Igreja; hipótese esta, que alguns saudaram como uma viragem positiva, e outros receberam com preocupação, como se se tratasse de uma ruptura com a doutrina sobre a contracepção e com a atitude eclesial na luta contra o HIV-SIDA. Na realidade, as palavras do Papa, que aludem de modo particular a um comportamento gravemente desordenado como é a prostituição (cf. «Luce del mondo», 1.ª reimpressão, Novembro de 2010, p. 170-171), não constituem uma alteração da doutrina moral nem da praxis pastoral da Igreja.

Como resulta da leitura da página em questão, o Santo Padre não fala da moral conjugal, nem sequer da norma moral sobre a contracepção. Esta norma, tradicional na Igreja, foi retomada em termos bem precisos por Paulo VI no n.º 14 da Encíclica Humanae vitae, quando escreveu que «se exclui qualquer acção que, quer em previsão do acto conjugal, quer durante a sua realização, quer no desenrolar das suas consequências naturais, se proponha, como fim ou como meio, tornar impossível a procriação». A ideia de que se possa deduzir das palavras de Bento XVI que seja lícito, em alguns casos, recorrer ao uso do preservativo para evitar uma gravidez não desejada é totalmente arbitrária e não corresponde às suas palavras nem ao seu pensamento. Pelo contrário, a este respeito, o Papa propõe caminhos que se podem, humana e eticamente, percorrer e em favor dos quais os pastores são chamados a fazer «mais e melhor» («Luce del mondo», p. 206), ou seja, aqueles que respeitam integralmente o nexo indivisível dos dois significados – união e procriação – inerentes a cada acto conjugal, por meio do eventual recurso aos métodos de regulação natural da fecundidade tendo em vista uma procriação responsável.

Passando à página em questão, nela o Santo Padre refere-se ao caso completamente diverso da prostituição, comportamento que a moral cristã desde sempre considerou gravemente imoral (cf. Concílio Vaticano II, Constituição pastoral Gaudium et spes, n.º 27; Catecismo da Igreja Católica, n.º 2355). A recomendação de toda a tradição cristã – e não só dela – relativamente à prostituição pode resumir-se nas palavras de São Paulo: «Fugi da imoralidade» (1 Cor 6, 18). Por isso a prostituição há-de ser combatida, e os entes assistenciais da Igreja, da sociedade civil e do Estado devem trabalhar por libertar as pessoas envolvidas.

A este respeito, é preciso assinalar que a situação que se criou por causa da actual difusão do HIV-SIDA em muitas áreas do mundo tornou o problema da prostituição ainda mais dramático. Quem sabe que está infectado pelo HIV e, por conseguinte, pode transmitir a infecção, para além do pecado grave contra o sexto mandamento comete um também contra o quinto, porque conscientemente põe em sério risco a vida de outra pessoa, com repercussões ainda na saúde pública. A propósito, o Santo Padre afirma claramente que os preservativos não constituem «a solução autêntica e moral» do problema do HIV-SIDA e afirma também que «concentrar-se só no preservativo significa banalizar a sexualidade», porque não se quer enfrentar o desregramento humano que está na base da transmissão da pandemia. Além disso é inegável que quem recorre ao preservativo para diminuir o risco na vida de outra pessoa pretende reduzir o mal inerente ao seu agir errado. Neste sentido, o Santo Padre assinala que o recurso ao preservativo, «com a intenção de diminuir o perigo de contágio, pode entretanto representar um primeiro passo na estrada que leva a uma sexualidade vivida diversamente, uma sexualidade mais humana». Trata-se de uma observação totalmente compatível com a outra afirmação do Papa: «Este não é o modo verdadeiro e próprio de enfrentar o mal do HIV».

Alguns interpretaram as palavras de Bento XVI, recorrendo à teoria do chamado «mal menor». Todavia esta teoria é susceptível de interpretações desorientadoras de matriz proporcionalista (cf. João Paulo II, Encíclica Veritatis splendor, nn.os 75-77). Toda a acção que pelo seu objecto seja um mal, ainda que um mal menor, não pode ser licitamente querida. O Santo Padre não disse que a prostituição valendo-se do preservativo pode ser licitamente escolhida como mal menor, como alguém sustentou. A Igreja ensina que a prostituição é imoral e deve ser combatida. Se alguém, apesar disso, pratica a prostituição mas, porque se encontra também infectado pelo HIV, esforça-se por diminuir o perigo de contágio inclusive mediante o recurso ao preservativo, isto pode constituir um primeiro passo no respeito pela vida dos outros, embora a malícia da prostituição permaneça em toda a sua gravidade. Estas ponderações estão na linha de quanto a tradição teológico-moral da Igreja defendeu mesmo no passado.

Em conclusão, na luta contra o HIV-SIDA, os membros e as instituições da Igreja Católica saibam que é preciso acompanhar as pessoas, curando os doentes e formando a todos para que possam viver a abstinência antes do matrimónio e a fidelidade dentro do pacto conjugal. A este respeito, é preciso também denunciar os comportamentos que banalizam a sexualidade, porque – como diz o Papa – são eles precisamente que representam a perigosa razão pela qual muitas pessoas deixaram de ver na sexualidade a expressão do seu amor. «Por isso, também a luta contra a banalização da sexualidade é parte do grande esforço a fazer para que a sexualidade seja avaliada positivamente e possa exercer o seu efeito positivo sobre o ser humano na sua totalidade» («Luce del mondo», p. 170).


terça-feira, 21 de dezembro de 2010

Os três “P” e São Jack, o Estripador


P. Gonçalo Portocarrero de Almada

In Público – 20. 12. 2010

Quando havia padres e polícias com fartura, dizia-se que a capital do Minho era a cidade dos três “p” porque, aos dois digníssimos ofícios já citados, havia que acrescentar a impropriamente chamada “mais antiga profissão do mundo”. A polémica, a propósito da entrevista concedida por Bento XVI, também se poderia designar pelos três “p” que a resumem: Papa, preservativos e prostitutos.

Quanto ao Papa, já está tudo dito, mas talvez não seja ocioso recordar que, sempre que Bento XVI se refere a temas de moral sexual, os media prestam-lhe uma enorme atenção, que não lhe dispensam quando apela para causas maiores, como a paz, a pobreza, a fome ou a perseguição dos cristãos na Ásia, por exemplo. Dir-se-ia que algumas pessoas, que têm o seu importantíssimo umbigo um pouco descaído, não querem outra coisa deste Papa e da Igreja que não seja uma bênção para os seus maus costumes ou, pelo menos, um condescendente silêncio para as suas vidas licenciosas.

Em relação aos preservativos, pouco mais há a dizer. Do ponto de vista moral, nada mudou, nem podia mudar. Mas os falsos profetas embandeiraram em arco, para saudarem o que o Papa não disse, mas eles gostariam que tivesse dito. Há quem pense que, mais do que a lei de Deus, a doutrina da Igreja ou a palavra do Papa, o que importa é a opinião pública, que manipulam a seu bel-prazer. E, fatal, como o destino, há sempre alguns pusilânimes que caiem no logro, muito embora há muito se tenha dito que nada de novo há debaixo do sol.

A grande novidade é a utilização, por um Papa, do termo “prostituto”, porque deve ter sido a primeira vez que tal aconteceu. Aliás, o uso do preservativo só foi tolerado em relação aos profissionais desse degradante ofício, não porque uma tal prática possa ser moralmente aceite, mas porque, em certos casos, pode impedir um mal maior, como seria o contágio de uma doença mortal.

Se o entrevistador tivesse questionado Bento XVI sobre um “serial killler” que hesitasse entre utilizar a bomba atómica ou um punhal, é provável que o Santo Padre dissesse que, nesse contexto, seria preferível a segunda hipótese porque, mesmo sendo moralmente condenável, seria socialmente menos prejudicial. Uma bomba atómica pode causar milhares de vítimas, num só instante, enquanto um consciencioso e diligente criminoso que mate à navalhada, só consegue realizar, no mesmo espaço de tempo, uns quantos homicídios.

Claro que, se Bento XVI expressasse publicamente este óbvio veredicto moral, é certo e sabido que, de imediato, as televisões e jornais noticiariam “cum gáudio magno” que, finalmente, o Papa aprovava o esfaqueamento de inocentes, prática antiquíssima e muito na moda em certos ambientes, mas que sectores mais conservadores da Igreja ainda repudiam. E a “boa” notícia – que abriria finalmente as portas da Igreja a muitos profissionais do crime, que dela estão actualmente excluídos – seria decerto festejada pela máfia, pela camorra, pelos terroristas, pelos narcotraficantes e em todas as prisões, pelo menos com o mesmo regozijo com que se supõe que foram recebidas as recentes declarações sobre o preservativo nos prostíbulos masculinos, únicos antros em que o seu uso, ainda que ilegítimo, foi tolerado.

Por ter feito o grande favor de usar uma faca, e não uma arma mais mortífera, a humanidade deveria estar agradecida ao benemérito assassino em série que, em pleno século XIX, semeou o terror em Londres. Se pega a moda de confundir o mal tolerado com o bem permitido, quem sabe se, na próxima visita pontifícia à Grã-Bretanha, não se exige ao Santo Padre que canonize Jack, o estripador?!

sábado, 18 de dezembro de 2010

The Pope, the Church, and the Condom: Clarifying the State of the Question - by George Weigel

by George Weigel

In Firsts Things - On The Square

In Light of the World, his book-length interview with German journalist Peter Seewald, Pope Benedict XVI, who is both a brilliant theologian and a compassionate pastor, tried to reconfigure the world’s conversation about several pressing issues: the meaning of sexuality in a fully human life; stemming the plague of HIV/AIDS; serving those who have already contracted HIV/AIDS and helping them to lives of human fulfillment and moral integrity.


The world being what it is, those three questions frequently intersect at a crossroads of intense controversy marked “condoms.” The world press being what it is, and the state of Vatican communications being what they are, some subtle distinctions Benedict made in Light of the World were quickly lost, putting new obstacles in the way of the deeper, more humane conversation the Pope hoped to ignite.

Four weeks into the ensuing controversy, it is worth reviewing precisely what the Pope said, before parsing the debate that followed.

Seewald asked the Pope to respond to the media’s contention that, as the German journalist put it, “it is madness to forbid a high-risk population to use condoms” in the face of the AIDS epidemic. Benedict responded that the world press’s obsession with latex had not only distorted coverage of his March 2009 pastoral visit to Africa; it had also deflected attention from the fact that, as the Pope put it, the Church is “second to none in treating so many AIDS victims, especially children with AIDS.” Moreover, the Pope repeated his conviction (which is borne out by serious empirical research) that the crisis of AIDS cannot be solved “by distributing condoms,” a widespread practice whose ubiquity “goes to show that condoms alone do not resolve the question itself.”

Benedict then went on to note the success of so-called ABC programs that stress abstinence outside marriage and fidelity within marriage, with condom use as a last resort. The Pope then proposed that “the sheer fixation on the condom implies a banalization of sexuality. Which, after all, is precisely the dangerous source of the attitude of no longer seeing sexuality as the expression of love, but only [as] a sort of drug people administer to themselves.” The condom, the Pope concluded, is “not . . . a real or moral solution” to the HIV/AIDS plague; changed behaviors, rooted in changed understandings of what it means to be sexual beings, are the only long-term solution to the crisis, and indeed to the myriad forms of human suffering caused by the sexual revolution and its reduction of sex to another contact sport.

It was not these reflections, however, that caught the world press’s attention, but rather this sentence, which appeared toward the end of the Pope’s discussion:


There may be a basis in the case of some individuals, as perhaps when a male prostitute uses a condom, where this can be a first step in the direction of a moralization, a first assumption of responsibility, on the way toward recovering an awareness that not everything is allowed and that one cannot do whatever one wants.

Published without the necessary contextualization or commentary in the Vatican’s own newspaper, L’Osservatore Romano, that sentence was inaccurately but almost inevitably interpreted, first by the Associated Press and then by virtually the entire global media, as the break in the dike for which so many had long been waiting, and toward which so many had applied so much pressure: the Catholic Church had finally, at long last, acknowledged what all enlightened people had long known to be the truth—that salvation was to be found in latex.

Reuters was a few minutes behind the AP on November 20, but its headline crisply summarized what many were writing: “Pope Says Condoms Sometimes Permissible to Stop AIDS.” The London Telegraph was even less equivocal: “The Pope drops Catholic ban on condoms in historic shift.”

The Pope had in fact not said that condoms were a morally appropriate or clinically effective means of AIDS prevention. Indeed, the Pope had gone out of his way, in Light of the World, to say precisely the opposite, in the very next sentences in his interview: “But it [the condom] is not really the way to deal with the evil of HIV infection. That can really lie only in a humanization of sexuality.”

What the Pope was speculating upon was a subtlety that seemed beyond the comprehension of virtually every reporter who wrote about p. 119 of Light of the World: namely, the interior or subjective moral intentions that might be discerned in a habitual sinner who decided to sin in a way that was less threatening to those with whom he was sinning. Might one find here a glimmer of moral insight, on the part of a habitual sinner, from which deeper moral insights into the evil in which he was engaged might emerge in time?

To read into that papal speculation some radical shift in the Catholic Church’s moral teaching was more than a stretch; it was a serious distortion. But as more than one veteran observer of these matters noted, when you put the words “Pope,” “AIDS,” and “condom” into one sentence without the further word “no,” it’s not hard to figure out what’s coming next in the reporting.

Unfortunately, a clarification issued by Vatican press spokesman Fr. Federico Lombardi, S.J., made matters worse. Rather than trying to explain the difference between the Church’s settled convictions on the ethics of human love and the Pope’s speculations on how one might discern the beginnings of moral growth in a man committing what the Church understood to be serious sins, Lombardi, focusing on the fact that several translations of Light of the World had not rendered “male prostitute” accurately, talked to Benedict and reported back to the press that the Pope wasn’t limiting his musings about possible growth in moral insight to male prostitutes; one could imagine similar interior dynamics at work in females and even transsexuals.

This comment from Lombardi was obvious, banal, and, worse, completely beside the crucial point of distinction that the world media continued to miss. Yet, even more inevitably than the Pope’s choice of example in his book, Lombardi’s clarification led to another wave of distorting stories; the AP’s headline on its November 23 story from Rome can stand for virtually all the rest: “Vatican—Everyone can use condoms to prevent HIV.”

Benedict XVI had hoped to remove the condom from the center of the world’s conversation about a global plague. Yet here was the condom, back at center stage, with Joseph Ratzinger’s longtime critics applauding his concession to reason (as they understood it). Meanwhile, those who had long toiled to defend the reasonableness of the Catholic Church’s ethic of human love were left wondering just what the Pope’s book, and the inability of both the Vatican newspaper and the papal spokesman to bring some order into the conceptual chaos, had set in motion.

Were the teachings of the 1993 encyclical Veritatis Splendor [The Splendor of Truth], in which John Paul II rejected the moral-theological method of proportionalism and reaffirmed that the Church’s moral judgment was focused on acts, including acts that could be known by reason to be intrinsically evil, now under review—or being reversed? Had a new subjectivism, or intentionalism, been given a tacit papal seal of approval? Was the highest teaching authority of the Church endorsing a method of moral analysis focused on the lesser-of-evils?

While the media furor remained, in the main, vulgar (with one prominent Catholic commentator from the port side declaring the Pope’s statements in Light of the World and Father Lombardi’s attempted clarification a “game-changer,” as if these questions involved the sort of games academics and journalists play), one serious debate did break out in the Catholic blogosphere. It centered around the Swiss theologian Martin Rhonheimer, a priest of Opus Dei, who in 2004 had speculated that the use of the condom to prevent HIV/AIDS infection, when motivated by a prophylactic intention, might not fall under the Church’s settled opposition to contraception.

Some (including Fr. Rhonheimer) found echoes of those speculations in the Pope’s book and Fr. Lombardi’s statements. Others, including Dr. Steven Long, found real trouble brewing. As Long put it in an exceptionally thoughtful blog posting, Rhonheimer’s position, no matter how intelligently argued, is intentionalism.


It is to argue that because one intends prophylaxis, therefore condom use is not contraceptive. This is precisely the effort to define ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ with respect to moral action by reference solely to intention while excluding essential reference to the nature of that which is chosen.

And much more was at stake here than was evident from the media rumpus: “Condoms are not the whole story; causal realism in the moral life is. . . . Surrender of the causal realism of Catholic moral analysis is what is at stake in these discussions.”

Nor, Long concluded, were these disputes a matter of interest to academics alone. If the Rhonheimer approach were adopted, he cautioned, that would “signal the end of any distinctive Catholic presence in hospitals, or in the bio-medical conversations of the day, because intentionalism is frankly a doctrine that can justify anything. . . . [The] hall of mirrors comprising modernity and post-modernity has many uses for intentionalism; and none of them is good.”

So: a very serious debate has begun, if not precisely the one that Benedict XVI wished to ignite. The internal Catholic theological debate that has been generated by Light of the World, and by various attempts to interpret the Pope’s remarks (and Fr. Lombardi’s) to advance distinct theological agendas, may, in time, produce new insights. But it is difficult to see, a month into the controversy, how any of the Pope’s public goals—to correct media misimpressions of the Church’s stance towards AIDS victims; to begin a new, non-condom-focused international discussion about preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS; to draw world attention to the success of non-condom-obsessed programs that drive down the incidence of new HIV infection; to bring the Church into the center of a new global discussion about the humanization of sexuality—have been advanced.

Rather, the international discussion has been re-focused on condoms, with the Church now being mocked for being so late in recognizing “reality” (the condom-as-papal-miter is now a staple of editorial cartooning); gay activists have been reinforced in their conviction that sufficient pressure will bring the Catholic Church to heel on a variety of controverted issues, including the question of who may marry whom; and governments have likely been emboldened to dun Catholic health care institutions into accepting secular standards on issues ranging from Plan-B “contraception” to abortion to methods of AIDS prevention.

While the media misreporting and over-reporting of radical change has played its usual, mischievous role over the past four weeks, it cannot be doubted that a certain lack of clarity has characterized the Holy See’s response to the controversy. That lack of clarity could impede the possibility of a genuine deepening of Catholic moral insight as the internal theological debate unfolds. There is little question that it will put Catholic bishops who have taken a strong line in defending the Catholic integrity of Catholic medical institutions and Catholic health care professionals in a very difficult position vis-à-vis an increasingly aggressive and secularist ambient culture.

Thus, both to ensure that the theological debate generated by Light of the World is a genuine advance rather than a moment of retreat from the truths taught in Veritatis Splendor, and to provide armor for those bishops who are determined to defend the integrity of their institutions and the consciences of those members of their flocks who are medical professionals, it would seem opportune for an indisputably authoritative voice, capable of speaking in the name of the Church, to publish a substantial clarification of the issues that have surfaced over the past month.

Such a clarification might usefully touch several key points. It would reaffirm the Church’s classic teaching on marriage and human sexuality, underscoring that the basic principles at stake here are true and can be known to be true by reason. It would reiterate the intrinsic wrong of contraception. It would endorse educational and pastoral programs affirming chastity and fidelity as the morally appropriate and empirically effective response to HIV/AIDS, while recommitting the Catholic Church to the relief of those already suffering from HIV/AIDS.

It would also be helpful if such a statement would reaffirm that what the Catholic Church teaches in these complex and delicate areas of human life is not a matter of “positions” that can be changed if sufficient public pressure is brought to bear. Rather, the Church brings the light of both reason and revelation to bear on these questions, in the certain conviction that the truth liberates us in the deepest meaning of human liberation.

Open Letter to Fr. M. Rhonheimer - by Luke Gormally


by
Luke Gormally

In www.chiesa.espressonline.it


Dear Fr Martin,

I hope you may agree that the time has passed when it would be appropriate to resume the private and friendly email exchanges we had in 2004/2005. Your recent interventions, published by Sandro Magister and "Our Sunday Visitor" (OSV), following the observations of Pope Benedict about the use of condoms as a prophylactic measure, amount in effect to renewed public advocacy of your point of view. That point of view originally found public expression in an article in "The Tablet" (10 July 2004) about which you say: “I was informed that the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, then headed by Cardinal Ratzinger, had no problem with it or its arguments”.

It is unclear what is strictly implied by this statement. Are we to assume that the Congregation formally considered your article in the light of advice from its consultors and agreed there was no problem with it? Many will think that that is what your statement implies. And if they do, then a viewpoint which I continue to think profoundly subversive of the Church’s teaching on sexual ethics will appear to have acquired authoritative endorsement. There is clearly an urgent need now for the Congregation publicly to clarify its position.

A significant body of moral theologians and moral philosophers submitted some time ago a detailed critique of your position to the Holy See. It is a pity that that critique is not in the public domain and that I am the person identified as a principal critic of your position. Though I lack the distinction of many of your critics, the public prominence I have been given inclines me in face of the renewed advocacy of your position to reiterate the principal points of the critique which I advanced in 2005.

As you know, my critique did not rest on any claim that the use of a condom is necessarily contraceptive. Acknowledging that, however, does not mean that the teaching of "Humanae vitae" is irrelevant to this debate, for section 12 of that encyclical states a quite basic principle of the Church’s sexual ethic. It is that there is “an inseparable connection – established by God and not to be broken by human choice – between the unitive meaning and the procreative meaning which are both inherent in the conjugal act”. If the exercise of sexual capacity is to be chaste it should be marital, and to count as marital it must be reproductive type behaviour, “'per se' apt for the generation of offspring” (Canon 1061). Any type of behaviour which "qua" behavioural performance is of its nature inapt for the generation of offspring cannot be the bearer of ‘procreative meaning’. It cannot therefore unite a couple in the way proper to marriage. Intercourse with a condom is of its nature inapt for the generation of offspring. It is a minimal condition of intercourse being of the reproductive kind that a man ejaculates into his wife’s reproductive tract. It does not make sense to say that a couple engaging in intercourse with a condom intend marital intercourse. One can intend only what is in principle realisable, and marital intercourse is not realisable through behaviour of a non-reproductive kind.

What seemed to me radically subversive about your position in 2004 (with which the CDF “had no problem”) is the claim that provided a couple have a prophylactic rather than contraceptive intent in engaging in condomistic intercourse their intercourse is marital. That amounted to saying that essentially non-reproductive type behaviour can be marital, a thesis that is inconsistent with the basic norm of chaste sexual behaviour. Though in your OSV interview you say that you did not at the time “sufficiently take into account” the kind of objection I have stated to your position, you also say you remain unsure whether this objection is compelling. And it is significant that your reason today for not encouraging a couple to use a condom is because of what you take to be required by the virtue of justice (that “one abstain completely from dangerous acts”) and not at all because of what is required by the virtue of chastity (“I would not think their intercourse to be what moral theologians call a sin ‘against nature’ equal to masturbation or sodomy”).

Condomistic intercourse as essentially non-reproductive sexual behaviour is precisely what moral theologians call a sin "against nature". And sins "against nature" are more deeply contrary to the virtue of chastity than simple fornication. It seems to me that you misinterpret the motives of those who object to the idea that it would be better for an adulterer, a fornicator or a prostitute to wear a condom in having intercourse, as you propose. What is at issue is not a concern to tell people how to perform intrinsically evil acts. It is rather a concern not to endorse the ‘common sense’, worldly wisdom, which you seem to endorse in circumstances in which people cannot be persuaded to embrace chaste behaviour. For your admirable desire to persuade people “to abstain from immoral behaviour altogether” will hardly be advanced by representing as preferable ‘sins against nature’ which are more deeply corrupting of a person’s sexual dispositions.

A concern for justice is indeed important in sexual relationships but the claims of justice ought never to be secured at the expense of subverting other moral dispositions. That is the very least that is implied in the ancient thesis of the unity of the virtues.

We should be clear what is meant by that rather vague phrase "humanising sexuality". It cannot be taken to mean, if it is to be consistent with the Church’s teaching, persuading people to make their sexual activity the expression of just any kind of "loving concern" for others. It means converting them to a chaste way of life, which surely requires that one is unambiguous about the need to abstain from sexual activity outside marriage and within marriage to engage only in such sexual intercourse as is "inseparably unitive and procreative in its significance".

I have addressed this open letter to you in the hope that a brief presentation of a counter-position to yours will serve to bring home the need for an authoritative clarification of the issues. For the CDF’s apparent endorsement of your 2004 article is troubling.

With kind regards and all good wishes,

Yours sincerely,

Luke Gormally

London, December 15, 2010

terça-feira, 14 de dezembro de 2010

Livro do Papa - Ainda a polémica sobre a tradução


In Boletim electrónico Infovitae


Caros leitores

A propósito da troca de impressões entre o Dr. Henrique Mota e o P. Nuno Serras Pereira sobre a tradução do livro do Santo Padre, o Infovitae apresenta a comparação entre a tradução inglesa da Ignatius press (cujo fundador e editor, P. J. Fessio, S. J., foi aluno do então Professor J. Ratzinger e é amigo pessoal do Papa Bento XVI) e a da Lucerna, naqueles pontos de desacordo entre o editor da Principia/Lucerna e o P. Serras Pereira, esperando deste modo dar mais um contributo para o debate. O sublinhado em negrito é da responsabilidade do Infovitae.

A Inglesa:

There may be a basis in the case of some individuals, as perhaps when a male prostitute uses a condom, where this can be a first step in the direction of a moralization, a first assumption of responsibility, on the way toward recovering an awareness that not everything is allowed and that one cannot do wathever one wants. But it is not really the way to deal with the evil of HIV infection. That can really lie only in a humanization of sexuality.

Are you saying, then, that the Catholic Church is actually not opposed in principle to the use of condoms?

She of course does not regard it as a real or moral solution, but, in this or that case, there can be nonotheless, in the intention of reducing the risk of infection, a first step in a movemente toward a different way, a more human way, of living sexuality.”

A Portuguesa:


Pode haver casos pontuais, justificados, como por exemplo a utilização do preservativo por um prostituto, em que a utilização do preservativo possa ser um primeiro passo para a moralização, uma primeira parcela de responsabilidade para voltar a desenvolver a consciência de que nem tudo é permitido e que não se pode fazer tudo o que se quer. Não é, contudo, a forma apropriada para controlar o mal causado pela infecção por HIV. Essa tem, realmente, de residir na humanização da sexualidade.


Quer isso dizer que, em princípio, a Igreja Católica não é contra a utilização de preservativos?


É evidente que ela não a considera uma solução verdadeira e moral. Num ou noutro caso, embora seja utilizado para diminuir o risco de contágio, o preservativo pode ser um primeiro passo na direcção de uma sexualidade vivida de outro modo, mais humana.”

segunda-feira, 13 de dezembro de 2010

In Benedetto XVI vedo la tenera sollecitudine del padre

di Alessandro Martinetti

In www.chiesa.espressonline.it

Per il pastore d’anime, il caso dei coniugi dei quali uno sia affetto da HIV non presenta soverchia difficoltà, quanto alle raccomandazioni da impartirsi a tali coniugi.

Non si tratta di fare dell’allarmismo gratuito sulla fallacia del condom (non si tratta cioè di sostenere che il condom protegge poco dal contagio). Una considerazione obiettiva sull’uso del condom ritengo debba condurre alla conclusione che il condom protegge (è profilattico, nel senso che previene il contagio), ma non del tutto, e questo basta a configurare un rischio altissimo, perché è sufficiente che l’uso del condom fallisca una sola volta per contrarre un virus potenzialmente esiziale.

Poiché il pericolo del contagio non è azzerato dall’uso del condom (anzi), il pastore dirà con chiarezza ai coniugi in questione che l’atto sessuale consumato adoperando il condom è moralmente disordinato e quindi biasimevole, perché non può qualificarsi altrimenti un atto compiendo il quale si corre il rischio di trasmettere o contrarre un virus così insidioso. E questo, prescindendo dall’indole contraccettiva o non contraccettiva dell’atto suddetto. Infatti, ammesso (e non concesso: la questione – come giustamente afferma Rhonheimer – è legittimamente dibattibile) che l’atto sessuale in questione non sia contraccettivo (ossia, che non comporti un rifiuto della strutturale, intrinseca apertura alla procreazione dell’atto coniugale), cioè che non contrasti con quanto proclamato dall’enciclica “Humanae vitae” (e in genere con l’insegnamento del magistero a riguardo della contraccezione), con ciò si ammetterebbe che l’atto sessuale in questione non è moralmente illecito in quanto contraccettivo, ma questo da solo non basterebbe a escludere che tale atto sia moralmente illecito, non in quanto contraccettivo ma per altre ragioni.

Anche Rhonheimer che altro fa se non qualificare come moralmente illecito l’atto in questione, nonostante tale atto non sia contraccettivo (come egli sostiene nell’articolo comparso su “The Tablet” nel 2004, e, in maniera meno recisa, nell’articolo scritto per www.chiesa)?

Certo, l’atto in questione non sarebbe – secondo Rhonheimer – “contro natura” (scrive per www.chiesa: “Se essi [i coniugi] non sono d’accordo [con chi li esorta all’astinenza, e compiono l’atto sessuale usando il condom], io non penserei che il loro rapporto sessuale sia ciò che i teologi morali chiamano un peccato ‘contro natura’ al pari della masturbazione o della sodomia, come alcuni teologi morali sostengono”). E tuttavia tale atto sarebbe moralmente illecito, anche secondo Rhonheime. Se così non fosse, Rhonheimer non avrebbe motivi per non incoraggiare “mai una coppia a usare un preservativo” e per sostenere che “la completa astinenza sarebbe la scelta moralmente migliore, non solo per ragioni prudenziali (i condom non sono completamente sicuri nemmeno quando sono usati con attenzione e correttamente), ma perché corrisponde meglio alla perfezione morale – a una vita virtuosa – astenersi del tutto da atti pericolosi, piuttosto che prevenire i loro pericoli usando uno strumento che aiuta ad aggirare l’esigenza di sacrificio”.

Se una scelta non è la “moralmente migliore”, significa che essa contiene almeno un aspetto di illiceità/malvagità (come potrebbe altrimenti essere la scelta “non migliore”?), e che quindi va deplorata (giacché il male non può che essere deplorato). Concretamente, quindi, il teologo moralista, quand’anche non ritenga che l’atto in parola configuri un caso di contraccezione (e quindi ritenga che non sia la – inesistente – indole contraccettiva dell’atto a macchiare lo stesso di illiceità), deve dire con nettezza ai coniugi che il loro atto, seppure per ragioni che non attengono all’indole contraccettiva (supposta inesistente) dell’atto stesso, sarebbe moralmente disordinato, cioè che sarebbe moralmente illecito compierlo. Come asserisce Rhonheimer, “ciò che deve essere vinto, ed è normativo sconfiggere, è l’intrinseco disordine morale in quanto tale”.

Molto più impegnativo, per un teologo morale, è stabilire se il suddetto atto tra coniugi cada sotto la condanna della “Humanae vitae” (e in genere del magistero al riguardo), cioè se sia contraccettivo.

Su questo legittimamente si confrontano posizioni diverse. Il magistero non si pronuncia al riguardo, e che non lo faccia è anche testimoniato dal fatto che la congregazione per la dottrina della fede non abbia “censurato” né le affermazioni di chi ritiene contraccettivo tale atto, né di chi lo ritiene non contraccettivo (Rhonheimer stesso riferisce che la congregazione per la dottrina della fede, allora guidata dal cardinale Ratzinger, “non aveva trovato nessun problema” nel suo articolo “The truth about condoms”, difendente la non contraccettività dell’atto in questione).

Ma, quale che sia l’esito della disputa, la condotta del pastore non può mutare, per almeno due motivi:

1) se l’atto in questione è contraccettivo, esso va riprovato (cioè indicato come moralmente disordinato) sia perché contraccettivo, sia perché esponente a un grave contagio;

2) se invece l’atto in questione non è contraccettivo, esso va comunque riprovato, non perché contraccettivo, ma perché esponente a un grave contagio.

Il pastore si troverebbe invece in difficoltà nell’emettere un giudizio al riguardo se il condom procurasse una prevenzione infallibile dal contagio: in questo caso s’invaliderebbe infatti la considerazione 2. Ma si tratta di un’ipotesi che non eccede il livello teorico, giacché è ragionevole prevedere che mai l’uso del condom potrà garantire una protezione totale dal contagio.

Quanto a ciò che ha detto Benedetto XVI in “Luce del mondo”, ritengo si debba concordare con Rhonheimer laddove afferma:

“Le sue [del papa] affermazioni non dichiarano che l’uso del condom sia privo di problemi morali o sia in genere permesso, anche per finalità profilattiche [cioè, per evitare un contagio]. Papa Benedetto parla di ‘begründete Einzelfälle’, che tradotto letteralmente significa ‘giustificati singoli casi’ – come il caso di una prostituta – nei quali l’uso del condom ‘può essere un primo passo nella direzione di una moralizzazione, una prima assunzione di responsabilità’. Ciò che è ‘giustificato’ non è l’uso del condom come tale: non, almeno, nel senso di una ‘giustificazione morale’ da cui consegua una norma permissiva tipo ‘è moralmente permesso e buono usare in condom in questo e quel caso’. Ciò che è giustificato, piuttosto, è il giudizio che ciò può essere considerato un ‘primo passo’ e ‘una prima assunzione di responsabilità’. Papa Benedetto certamente non ha voluto stabilire una norma morale che giustifichi eccezioni”.

In altri termini, non solo il papa non coonesta la prostituzione, ma neppure svolge una considerazione come la seguente: “Visto che hai deciso di prostituirti e che sei affetto da HIV, è moralmente permesso e buono che tu usi il condom. Se ti prostituisci ti comporti male, quindi non prostituirti, ma, poiché hai deciso di prostituirti, almeno usa il condom per prevenire il contagio, perché è moralmente migliore (ossia, è moralmente meno malvagio) per chi si prostituisce ed è affetto da HIV usare il condom che non usarlo”.

Il papa non fa un discorso del genere, perché, come scrive Rhonheimer, “la sola cosa che la Chiesa può eventualmente insegnare circa, ad esempio, a uno stupro, è l’obbligo morale di astenersi da esso del tutto, non di portarlo a termine in una modalità meno immorale. Ci sono contesti nei quali le indicazioni morali perdono completamente il loro significato normativo poiché esse possono al massimo diminuire un male, non essere dirette al bene”. E ancora: “La Chiesa deve sempre proporre alla gente di fare il bene, non il male minore; e la cosa buona da fare – e quindi da consigliare – non è di agire immoralmente e nello stesso tempo di diminuire l’immoralità minimizzando i possibili danni causati da essa, ma di astenersi dal comportamento immorale in tutto”.

Applicato al nostro caso: il papa, come ogni buon pastore, insegna al prostituto/a affetto/a da HIV l’obbligo morale di astenersi dalla prostituzione, che è intrinsecamente malvagia, di contrirsi e cambiare vita, e non esorta il/la prostituto/a a prostituirsi usando il condom. Se lo facesse, (A) esorterebbe a intraprendere una sorta di via morale (o meno immorale) per praticare l’immoralità: ma un pastore (e un semplice credente) deve incoraggiare alla perfezione morale tutta intera, e non a rimanere nell’immoralità in un modo per ipotesi meno immorale. Dico “per ipotesi meno immorale”, giacché l’uso del condom per evitare il contagio non renderebbe comunque meno immorale quell’atto immorale che è il prostituirsi.

Ciò che il papa fa è diverso (B). Egli osserva che se il/la prostituto/a utilizza il condom mostra un qualche senso di responsabilità almeno nei confronti di quel valore che è l’incolumità fisica altrui, e questo gesto di responsabilità “può essere il primo passo verso una moralizzazione, un primo atto di responsabilità per sviluppare di nuovo la consapevolezza del fatto che non tutto è permesso e che non si può far tutto ciò che si vuole”, “un primo passo sulla strada che porta ad una sessualità diversamente vissuta, più umana”.

La differenza tra A e B può sembrare cavillosa e labile, ma è essenziale. Per dirla ancora con Rhonheimer: “Il papa non sostiene che usare il preservativo per prevenire le infezioni di HIV significa agire responsabilmente [cioè il papa non sostiene la posizione A]. Una reale responsabilità, per delle prostitute, significherebbe astenersi completamente da contatti sessuali rischiosi e immorali e cambiare completamente il loro stile di vita. Se non lo fanno (perché non possono, o non vogliono), esse agiscono almeno soggettivamente [ecco la considerazione B, accettata dal papa] in un modo responsabile quando cercano di prevenire l’infezione, o almeno agiscono meno irresponsabilmente di quelle che non lo fanno, che è un’affermazione alquanto diversa [dalla posizione A]“.

Se il papa avesse assunto la posizione A, sarebbe incorso nello stessa svista del cardinale Danneels, il quale (affermando – come fece nel 2004 – che “se una persona infetta da HIV ha deciso di non rispettare l’astinenza, allora deve proteggere il suo partner e può farlo in questo caso usando un preservativo”, altrimenti infrangerebbe “il quinto comandamento”) giunge proprio ad abbracciare la posizione A, cioè di fatto si rivolge alla persona affetta da HIV nel modo seguente: “Visto che non osservi l’astinenza, è moralmente giustificato e financo doveroso – giacché agendo altrimenti violeresti nientemeno che un comandamento – che tu usi il condom”. Per dirla ancora con Rhonheimer: “Noi non possiamo dire che essi ‘dovrebbero fare così’ oppure sono ‘moralmente obbligati’ a farlo, come il cardinale Danneels sembrava suggerire”.

Per sintetizzare schematicamente la distinzione tra la posizione A e la B, è forse utile richiamare quanto mi sembra di avere acquisito nell’argomentazione dispiegata fin qui, e cioè:

1) occorre sempre amare, ricercare e raccomandare di praticare una condotta perfettamente morale;

2) una condotta intrinsecamente immorale (quale il prostituirsi) non è resa morale né meno immorale da un atto compiuto nell’esplicarla (nel caso, dall’usare il condom);

3) non è lecito incoraggiare il/la prostituto/a affetto/a da HIV a usare il condom (se lo si facesse, si contravverrebbe a 1 e si trascurerebbe 3);

4) la valutazione sulla qualità morale di una scelta deve sempre tener conto del contesto in cui la scelta è operata: poiché nel caso in esame la scelta di usare il condom è operata da chi ha scelto pure di prostituirsi (se la prostituzione è coatta, ossia non è scelta ma è imposta, cambierà la valutazione morale dell’atto), occorrerà riconoscere che la scelta di usare il condom non diminuisce né estingue l’immoralità del prostituirsi, e quindi non può essere raccomandata dal pastore (cfr. 3);

5) tuttavia, poiché la scelta di usare il condom, per quanto strettamente ad essa intrecciata, non s’identifica con la scelta di prostituirsi, è lecito al pastore, pur non trascurando il profondo intreccio tra le due scelte, valutare in sé stessa la scelta di usare il condom, e giudicare che essa, sebbene non raccomandabile (per le ragioni illustrate), è meno immorale (è improntata a un certo “senso di responsabilità”) dell’opposta, cioè della scelta di non usare il condom, perché esercita una premura per la salute dell’altro maggiore di quella che si eserciterebbe se si scegliesse di non usare il condom.

Mi pare che le affermazioni di Benedetto XVI in “Luce del mondo” siano congruenti con le considerazioni sviluppate in questi cinque punti. Ci vedo anche la tenera sollecitudine del padre, pronto in ogni circostanza ad avvistare e “sorprendere”, per avvalorarlo e incoraggiarlo e rinfocolarlo, ogni barlume di bene, ogni soprassalto di resipiscenza che affiori dal fango in cui si è cacciato il figliol prodigo.

Quanto al caso di coniugi dei quali uno sia affetto da HIV, il papa non ne parla, “simpliciter”. Quindi chi vuole estendere le considerazioni del papa a siffatto caso compie un’operazione un po’ azzardata. Tuttavia, se si esegue questa operazione, occorre a mio sommesso avviso:

1) tenere presente che – come scrive Zagloba – “lo si fa, naturalmente, a proprio rischio e pericolo e senza in alcun modo impegnare l’autorità del papa”;

2) tenere in considerazione i cinque punti enucleati in precedenza.

Pertanto, anche nel caso in oggetto il pastore (o il fedele laico) a mio avviso non deve (cfr. sopra, n. 3) – come invece sostiene Zagloba – “dire al coniuge del malato che il Signore lo chiama a una difficile croce, a una particolare unione alla croce di Cristo, e anche dirgli che avere rapporti non protetti è peggio che avere rapporti protetti e se non riesce a compiere interamente il dovere morale cerchi almeno di non mettere in pericolo la vita propria e quella della persona amata”. Questa somiglia tanto alla posizione del cardinale Daneels, opportunamente – a mio avviso – criticata da Rhonheimer perché – come illustrato – finisce per risolversi nell’esortazione: “non peccare, ma se pecchi almeno fallo in modo morale, fa’ ciò che è moralmente buono pur nel peccato, cioè usa il condom”. Esortazione che però – come lamentato da Rhonhemeir – trascura che “sarebbe semplicemente privo di senso stabilire delle norme morali per dei comportamenti intrinsecamente immorali”; “la Chiesa deve sempre proporre alla gente di fare il bene; […] la cosa buona da fare – e quindi da consigliare – non è di agire immoralmente e nello stesso tempo di diminuire l’immoralità minimizzando i possibili danni causati da essa, ma di astenersi dal comportamento immorale in tutto”. Talché “non dirò loro [a persone promiscue, o ad omosessuali, infetti da AIDS i quali usino il preservativo] di non usare il preservativo. Semplicemente, non parlerò loro di ciò e presumerò che, qualora scelgano di avere rapporti sessuali, manterranno almeno un certo senso di responsabilità.”

Quest’ultima citazione, tratta dall’articolo di Rhonheimer “The truth about condoms”, mi pare chiarisca bene quale debba essere il contegno di un pastore nel caso in oggetto.

Oso dirmi convinto che papa Joseph Ratzinger non terrebbe, nel caso, contegno altro da quello presentato e raccomandato da Rhonheimer. Del quale, in conclusione, mi piace segnalare la genuina umiltà (che è propria di chi auspica il trionfo della verità e non delle proprie opinioni) e la filiale devozione nei confronti della Chiesa, testimoniate limpidamente da queste dichiarazioni contenute nella chiusa dell’intervista resa a “Our Sunday Visitor”:

“Spero che le cose diventino più chiare in un prossimo futuro tramite qualche ulteriore pronunciamento delle autorità della Chiesa o qualche precisazione ufficiale: il che non significa, per inciso, che mi attendo di essere convalidato in tutte le mie vedute. Se ciò che ho scritto contribuisce a rendere le cose più chiare, mi sentirò completamente ripagato dei miei sforzi, anche se dovesse emergere che mi sbagliavo sotto qualche rispetto. Frattanto dovremmo discutere queste questioni in spirito di comunione e di mutuo rispetto”.

Per quel che vale, anche il sottoscritto argomenta cercando di non sbagliare, ma senza la pretesa di aver indubitabilmente ragione, e comunque rimettendosi all’autorità magisteriale.

12 dicembre 2010